Journal of Vocational Education in Agriculture

Effects of Crab Shell Supplementation in Layer Diet on Performance and Egg Quality

2026-06-22T16:13:32+07:00

This research aimed was to investigate the appropriate percentage of crab shell supplementation in layer diet on performance and egg quality and feed cost. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD). One hundred and twenty 31-week-old laying hens were assigned to four treatment diets, including 0, 3, 6, and 9% crab shell. Each treatment had three replicates with ten hens. The results showed that hen-day production, feed intake, feed efficiency, egg mass, and egg weight were not significantly different (P>0.05). The egg quality, shell thickness, eggshell strength, shell weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, and haugh unit were also not significantly different (P>0.05). However, the supplementation of crab shell was significantly different in yolk color (P<0.01). Therefore, the layer diet with 9% crab shell could improve yolk color.

Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Palm Oil Plantation: A Case Study of Oil Palm Farmers, Sikao District, Trang Province

2025-10-02T10:12:21+07:00

This study aimed to evaluate the greenhouse gas emissions from the production of palm oil in Sikao District, Trang Province by Life cycle assessment of the product from tillage, cultivation, maintenance, harvesting, and transportation. This study collected data by the palm oil plantation from nine farmers having palm oil more than 50 rai and nine farmers having palm oil less-thanor equal to 50 rai. Agriculture has palm oil in three different ages that are 0-4 years, 5-12 years, and 13 years or more, 3 samples per age group. The results from this study show that the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of a tillage process from farmers who possess palm oil areas more than 50 rai is equal to 0.63 kgCO₂eq per rai more than the GHG emissionfrom farmers who possess palm oil areas less-than or equalto50 rai is 0.61 kgCO₂eq per rai. For a cultivation process, the GHG emission from farmers who possess palm oil less-than or equal to 50 rai is equal to 257 kgCO₂eq per rai which is more than those produced from farmers who possess palm oil area more than 50 rai that is 191 kgCO₂eq. In the maintenance process of palm oil, the GHG emission from farmers who possess palm oil areas more than 50 rai is equal to 243.09 kgCO₂eq more than the GHG emission from farmers who possess palm oil area less-than or equal to 50 rai is 103.04 kgCO₂eq per rai. During the process of harvesting and transporting to the buyer, the GHG emission from farmers who own palm oil plantation of less than or equal to 50 rai are equal to 17,309 kgCO₂eq per rai, more than the GHG emission from farmers who own palm oil plantation of more than 50 rai is equal to 5,383 kgCO₂eq per rai.

Development and transfer of technologies for producing tempeh from oyster mycelium

2026-03-30T12:04:36+07:00

The objective of this study was to produce grains tempeh with Rhizopus oligosporus starter and oyster mycelium and to study the chemical compositions of tempeh such as physical, chemical, and biological properties. The results of the study of grains suitable for producing tempeh found that grains include soybeans, peanuts, red beans and mung beans fermented using R. oligosporus starter (commercial). The hyphal growth covered on soybean, mung bean, red bean, and peanut, respectively, with soybean having the fastest change. That is, there appeared white mycelium clinging to the bean seeds after 24 hours. The results of the study of oyster mycelium starter for fermenting tempeh found that oyster mycelium starter in amounts of 5, 10, and 15 pieces did not show any growth of oyster mycelium. Therefore, we have developed a starter tempeh by using oyster mycelium grow on PDA culture in sorghum. We have developed a cereal grain tempeh by fermenting pearled barley with R. oligosporus ATCC 64063 seed. It was found that 5 grams of starter in sorghum seeds fermented in peanuts showed the growth of fairy oyster mycelium and It clumped after 72 hours, and after 88 hours, dense mycelium formed and clumped together. On the other hand, mung beans, red beans, and soybeans were no found mycelium growth. The combination of soybean with oyster mushrooms at a ratio of 1:1 inoculated with R. oligosporus to produce tempeh had the best physical characteristics. It was found that the mycelium growth well at 24 hours. The hyphal were clearly visible and began to look like clusters at 40 hours. The chemical composition of soybean mixed with fresh oyster mushroom tempeh (100 g) were 1.020 grams of fat, 12 grams of carbohydrates, 0.47 milligrams of cholesterol, and 95.64 kcal of total energy and 1.9 x 10⁷ CFU/g of total bacteria, which is lower than the original soy tempeh formula. Packaging label design, It was found that the third type of label received the most satisfaction from the experts. Sensory evaluation by general panels indicated that tempeh from soybean mixed with fresh oyster mushroom gave highest score of ever sensory quality. The results of the workshop for the community enterprise group, Khun Thale Subdistrict, Mueang District, Surat Thani Province, totaling 30 people it was found that the participants were able to apply the knowledge gained in their daily life at a high level of 4.35 ± 0.49 and were able to disseminate the knowledge gained and can be transferred to the community at a high level of 4.10 ± 0.31. Therefore the utilization of fermented soybean mixed with fresh oyster mushroom to replace meat protein for new products should be subjected to future study.

Keywords: Tempeh, Oyster mushrooms, Products

Effects of Rotifers Enriched with Three Different Types of Microalgae on Growth and Survival Rate of Diadema Larvae Pseudochromis diadema

2025-09-18T11:34:55+07:00

In this study, we investigated the growth and survival rate of newly hatched diadema larvae (Pseudochromis diadema) fed with rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis) supplemented with three types of microalgae (Tetraselmis gracilis, Isochrysis galbana, and Nanochloropsis oculata). The control group was fed with rotifers without any nutritional supplement. Each group was replicated three times for the experiment. The larvae were fed twice daily at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm with a density of 3 rotifers per milliliter for 15 days. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the experimental group 2 had the highest total length gain of 4.28 ± 0.10 mm (P<0.05) and the standard length was also the highest in group 2 (P<0.05). All larvae in the control group died after 3 days, while the survival rate was the highest in group 1 (P<0.05). The study compared the nutritional value and total fatty acids of three types of microalgae. It found that I. galbana had the highest protein content (P<0.05), N. oculata had the highest lipid content (P<0.05), and N. oculata had the highest total fatty acids content. When these microalgae were used as a supplement for rotifers, rotifers enriched with I. galbana had the highest lipid content, rotifers enriched with T. gracilis had the highest protein content (P<0.05), and N. oculata resulted in the highest total fatty acids content.

Improving the Quality of Deep-Fried Banana Fritters with Dried Banana Filling Produced by the Deep-Fried Banana Fritter Product Group, Khlong Hat District, Sa Kaeo Province

2026-03-04T16:44:17+07:00

The deep-fried banana fritters with dried banana filling are a type of fried snack produced by the Deep-Fried Banana Fritter Product Group in Khlong Hat District, Sa Kaeo Province. Quality issues in the product have been observed during sales, characterized by a decrease in fracturability and an increase in the hardness of the dried banana filling. Therefore, this research aimed to improve the quality of the deep-fried banana fritters with dried banana filling after frying by investigating the optimal glycerol concentration for soaking dried banana slices at four different levels: 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight per volume and its effects on product quality. The optimal glycerol concentration was then used to study the shelf life of the product under two packaging conditions, along with oxygen absorber (OA), which included plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bags lined with polyethylene (PE) (PET-PE bag/OA) and polypropylene (PP) closed boxes (PP box/OA) stored at room temperature for 5 weeks. The research findings indicated that the use of glycerol affected the color values of the fried product, resulting in a darker hue with a statistically significant reduction in brightness (L*) and a significant increase in redness (a*) (p≤0.05). Hardness decreased while both fracturability and water activity (a_w) tended to increase. Sensory quality assessment using a 9-point hedonic scale revealed that the product using 10% glycerol by weight per volume was the most suitable, receiving the highest liking scores (p≤0.05) for color (8.00), aroma (7.60), taste (7.50), texture (8.20), and overall liking (7.60). The product composition indicated moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber, and carbohydrates at 12.13%, 3.90%, 7.36%, 1.81%, 3.65%, and 71.15% by wet weight, respectively, with an energy value of 366.40 kilocalories. The storage study of the product in two packaging types indicated that overall quality could be maintained for 3 weeks. The PET-PE bag/OA was significantly more effective than the PP box/OA at slowing changes in a_w and preserving texture (hardness and fracturability) (p≤0.05). Conversely, the PP box/OA exhibited a superior ability to slow the increase in peroxide value (P.V.) due to its opaque properties. Total microbial, yeast, and mold counts for both packaging types remained within the Thai Community Product Standards for fried puff with fish filling (TCPS 751/2005) throughout the 5-week period. Regarding sensory evaluation using a five-point hedonic scale, the overall liking was rated at a highly liked level (4.00-4.38) during the first 3 weeks; however, liking scores for rancidity and flavor significantly decreased after week 3 (p≤0.05).

Effect of Concentrate Feed Replacement with Yeast Fermented Cassava Peels on Productive Performances of Yi-Liang Duck

2025-10-17T15:02:04+07:00

A by product of cassava starch factories are cassava peels. It might be utilized as an ingredient in animal feed. Thus, the purpose of this research was to determine how adding yeast-fermented cassava peels to meals affected Yiliang duck productivity. A completely randomized experimental design was used mixed-gender Yi Liang ducks that were 14 days old and divided into 4 groups with 4 repeats each, a total of 96 ducks. They were raised in an open-system enclosure, with experimental pens measuring 1x2 meters, raised on a floor covered with wire mesh.The treatment consisted of commercial feed mixed with yeast-fermented cassava peel at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 percent. The ducks received ad libitum food and water. The experiment lasted for 60 days. The experimental results showed that ducks fed diets containing 0% and 10% yeast-fermented cassava peel had higher final body weight, weight gain, growth rate, and feed conversion ratio compared to those fed diets containing 20% and 30% yeast-fermented cassava peel, with statistically significantly differences (P<0.01). Additionally, ducks receiving 10% yeast-fermented cassava peel in their diet had the lowest feed cost per unit of weight gain, with statistically significantly differences (P<0.01). In conclusion, our experiment revealed that 10 % of the diet for raising Yi Liang ducks might consist of fermented cassava peels. produces Yiliang ducks with the highest production efficiency and the lowest feeding cost per unit of weight growth.

Development of Farm Machinery for Porosity of Soil

2025-11-06T11:57:25+07:00

The objective of this research was to develop an ergonomic human-powered agricultural tool for soil tillage. The methodology comprised four stages: 1) selecting existing human-powered tillers used for land preparation, weeding, and cultivation; 2) designing and constructing a prototype based on the mechanical principles of the wheel and axle, wedge, and lever; 3) field testing the prototype; and 4) refining the tool based on ergonomic indicators. The results indicated that the hoe was the most commonly used traditional tool among farmers, which was subsequently developed into the prototype by integrating the three aforementioned mechanical principles. This integration effectively improved soil structure by crushing small stones and clods, thereby reducing the farmers' physical workload. Ergonomic assessment involved 25 parameters based on human-tool interaction, categorized into four body regions: the wrist, lower arm, upper arm, and trunk. Regarding the mechanical advantage (M.A.) of the developed tool, the values were recorded as 0.415 and 0.616 for general use and pulling, respectively. Notably, the mechanical advantage during the pushing phase reached 3.286, while other configurations yielded M.A. values of 1.85 (pushing) and 0.515 (pulling). The development of this ergonomic tiller significantly minimizes physical strain and operational time, allowing farmers to work longer and more efficiently. The application of the wheel, axle, and wedge systems to enhance mechanical advantage is a crucial factor in transitioning from labor-intensive farming to tool-assisted agriculture, ultimately leading to increased productivity and higher income for farmers.

Micropropagation of Philodendron 'Birkin': Influence of Plant Growth Regulators, Temporary Immersion Bioreactor and Growing Medium

2026-01-19T10:26:30+07:00

This study aimed to develop a micropropagation protocol for Philodendron 'Birkin' by investigating the effects of culture media, plant growth regulators (PGRs), temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB) system, and ex vitro transplanting. Shoot tips cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS), Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L Kinetin(6-furfurylaminopurine) for 8 weeks showed no significant differences among media, with MS producing an average of 1.50 shoots per explant.BAP (6-benzylamino -purine) was more effective than Kinetin for shoot multiplication. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP produced the highest average shoot number (36.40 shoots), 22.8-fold greater than the PGR-free control. However, high BAP concentrations reduced root formation in initial shoots. The addition of 1.0 mg/L IBA combined with BAP inhibited shoot multiplication and induced callus formation. Rootless shoots successfully developed roots on PGR-free MS medium. Preliminary results showed that shoots cultured in the TIB system for 4 weeks produced an average of 2.33 shoots with 3.37 cm shoot length, exceeding those from semi-solid medium cultured for 8 weeks (1.50 shoots and 2.20 cm), demonstrating that TIB promoted effective growth within a shorter period. During ex vitro transplanting, plantlets achieved 100% survival across all growing medium treatments. The peat moss and coconut coir mixture (1:1) produced the best results in leaf number, plant height, and root development. These findings demonstrate the potential of micropropagation techniques for commercial propagation of Philodendron 'Birkin'.

Effect of Fermented StarFruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) Bioextracton Seed Germination of Holland Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

2025-12-23T23:25:45+07:00

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dilution ratios of fermented star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) bioextract on seed germination and seedling growth of Holland papaya (Carica papaya L.). The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications, consisting of five treatments: distilled water (control) and fermented bioextract diluted with distilled water at ratios of 1:250, 1:500, 1:750, and 1:1,000 (v/v). Holland papaya seeds were soaked in each treatment at room temperature for 16 hours, rinsed thoroughly, air-dried for 3 hours, and subsequently tested for germination and seedling growth in peat moss. After 28 days of sowing, results indicated that the 1:1,000 (v/v) ratio significantly produced the highest germination percentage (81.25%) and the shortest mean germination time (12.25 days) compared with other treatments (P ≤ 0.01). For seedling growth, the same dilution ratio also resulted in the greatest stem height (13.46 cm) and root length (5.94 cm), with statistically significant differences from other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, a 1:1,000 (v/v) dilution of fermented star fruit bioextract to distilled water was the most effective treatment, enhancing seed germination and promoting the early growth of Holland papaya seedlings.

The Use of Social Media for Agricultural Practices of the Farmers, Noen Sa-Nga District, Chaiyaphum Province

2026-02-20T15:55:39+07:00

The study entitled “The Use of Social Media for Agricultural Practices of the Farmers, Noen Sa-Nga District, Chaiyaphum Province” aimed to examine four factors: 1) personal factors, 2) socio-economic factors, 3) technological factors, and 4) social media exposure. It also aimed to investigate the use of social media for agricultural practices and to compare the use of social media for agriculture among farmers.The sample consisted of 370 farmers in Noen Sa-nga District, Chaiyaphum Province, selected by simple random sampling. The research instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using statistical methods including percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and One-Way ANOVA. The results showed that most respondents were 1) female (55.9%), aged 51–60 years (maximum = 82, minimum = 20). Most had lower than primary or primary level education, had 4–5 household members (maximum = 10, minimum = 1), and had more than 31 years of farming experience (maximum = 50, minimum = 1). 2) Rice was the main crop cultivated. Most farmers had more than 15 rai of agricultural land. Their non-agricultural occupations included general labor or private-sector employment. Their annual agricultural income exceeded 100,000 baht. 3) Most farmers used smartphones priced between 5,000–10,000 baht, accessing the internet mainly through mobile SIM cards. 4) Most farmers accessed social media by themselves, used it daily for 1–2 hours per day, and commonly used TikTok. The primary sources of social media information were government agencies. Overall, 5) The use of social media for agricultural practices of the farmers was at a moderate level (= 3.62). The hypothesis testing results indicated that farmers with different education levels, non-agricultural occupations, affordable device prices, methods of accessing social media, duration and frequency of use, and social media applications used had significantly different levels of social media utilization for agricultural purposes at the .05 level.

Effect of UV-C Light and Hot Air Oven Drying on Qualities of Red Chili

2026-05-19T09:42:34+07:00

Dehumidification of fresh chili by a hot air oven at high temperatures has a degrading effect on both the physical and chemical properties of dried chili, whereas using low temperatures requires a longer drying time. UV-C irradiation is effective in destroying microorganisms. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of dehumidification using a hot air oven at 38-40°C combined with UV-C irradiation at 10 and 20 minutes, focusing on the quality and storage characteristics of dried chili. The results showed that the drying time of UV-C-irradiated samples was shorter than that of other treatments. Moisture content and water activity in dried chili increased during storage. L*, a*, and b* skin color values of all treatments decreased over time. UV-C irradiation for 10 or 20 minutes had no effect on pH and titratable acidity values; however, storage caused a decrease in pH and an increase in titratable acidity. Mold and yeast counts were reduced after drying with UVC irradiation and remained undetectable after 120 days of storage.