Agriculture and Natural Resources

Impact of raw and Dehumidified Stingless Bee (Trigona spp.) (Trigona spp.) honey on the physicochemical and stability of honey-milk beverages during storage

2026-09-04T09:50:21+07:00

Importance of the work: Formulating milk-honey beverages with acceptable colloidal stability is
challenging, as Kelulut honey promotes pH-induced casein aggregation, leading to phase separation.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of raw and dehumidified Kelulut honey on the physicochemical
and colloidal behavior of milk during storage, as indicated by pH change, particle size and distribution,
electrostatic interactions, rheological properties and phase separation.
Materials and Methods: Raw and dehumidified Kelulut honey (5–7% volume per volume) were
incorporated into ultra-high temperature and pasteurized milk with varying fat contents. System
behavior was assessed using the centrifugal sedimentation rate, separation index, particle size
distribution (PSD), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ζ), apparent viscosity and pH during
storage at 25°C and 4°C.
Results: Honey concentration and type influenced the initial physicochemical properties.
At 5–6%, both honey types produced relatively uniform dispersions (PSD 257.0–265.2 nm;
PDI 0.17–0.21), whereas 7% resulted in significantly larger particles (PSD 270.0–277.9 nm;
p < 0.05). Dehumidified honey had improved performance compared to raw honey, with
a smaller particle size (266.8 nm versus 392.6 nm, respectively) and more a negative zeta potential
(−28.00 mV versus −23.63 mV, respectively) during storage at 25°C. Milk type further affected
system behavior, with pasteurized low-fat milk having the highest mean ± SD phase separation (70 ±
1.0%). The combination of 6% dehumidified honey and pasteurized full-cream milk yielded the most
favorable physicochemical characteristics among the tested systems (particle size, 289.0 nm; ζ −25.03
mV, after 14 d at 4°C).
Main finding: This most favorable formulation had improved resistance to destabilization and
maintained acceptable dispersion within 72 hr and up to 14 d at 4°C, supporting its potential as a
clean-label component for ready-to-serve milk-honey beverages intended for immediate or short-term
consumption.

Effects of processing methods on nutritive value, cannabinoid profiles and pellet quality of hemp leaf-based feeds

2026-09-04T09:54:48+07:00

Importance of the work: Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a potential alternative feed
resource because of its favorable chemical composition and relatively high protein content; however,
its use is constrained by variable nutritive value and concerns over cannabinoid residues.
Objectives: To evaluate the chemical composition, nutritive value and cannabinoid concentrations
of hemp leaf-based feeds processed as hay, silage and pellets and to compare the hemp pellet
formulations prepared with molasses or cassava starch as binders.
Materials and Methods: Hemp leaves were processed into hay, silage and pellets and analyzed
for chemical composition, fiber fractions, crude protein and cannabinoids. Hemp leaf pellets with
molasses or cassava starch were compared with leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit]
leaf pellets. Forage quality indices were calculated: dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter
intake (DMI) and relative feed value (RFV).
Results: Pellets had the lowest moisture content (5.6%) and the highest dry matter (94.4%). Silage
contained the highest cannabidiolic acid (2.27 mg/g), whereas pellets had the highest cannabidiol
(7.64 mg/g). Leucaena pellets had higher crude protein (17.2%) but also higher fiber levels. Among
the hemp pellet formulations, molasses-bound pellets had the most favorable calculated forage
quality indices, with significantly higher estimated DMD (74.96%), predicted DMI (3.34% of body
weight) and RFV (193.9), but lower crude protein content.
Main finding: Pelleting hemp leaves, particularly with molasses, improved the calculated forage
quality indices and feed-handling potential. However, the reduced crude protein in pellets containing
a binder and measurable cannabinoid concentrations indicated that practical use should be restricted
to regulated and monitored feeding systems and validated through animal-based studies before
commercial application

Applying DeNitrification-DeComposition model to investigate methane emission processes through nitrogen path in paddy field soil, Lampung Province, Indonesia

2026-09-04T10:03:22+07:00

Importance of the work: Alternative methods are required for fertilizer application recommendations
and irrigation schemes in paddy cultivation to mitigate CH4 emission.
Objectives: To investigate whether CH4 emission and its processes from the field are related to
fertilizer dose and irrigation scheme.
Materials and Methods: Three doses of N fertilizer recommendations (no fertilizer, 50 kg N/ha and
100 kg of N/ha) were applied to continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation schemes in paddy
fields. CH4 flux was measured using a static closed-chamber and simulated using the DeNitrificationDeComposition (DNDC) model to investigate the processes of emissions in the soil.
Results: Soil organic carbon decreased quickly with continuous flooding at all fertilizer doses. Total
N and soil organic carbon were higher in the N fertilizer application than without N. The C-to-N ratio
was in the range 18–26; the mineralization rate was 0.024–0.0245 kg C/kg soil in the topsoil and the
NH4
+
level was 16.5 parts per million (ppm). The maximum oxygen content was 10 ppm, while the
soil Eh reached −300 mV. Methane emission was higher in the submerged fields. Fertilizers did not
affect the amount of either methanogens or methanotrophs. Methanogens had a strong correlation to
methane emission (correlation coefficient, r = 0.7–0.8) in all nitrogen doses under submerged soil
and a weak correlation under the intermittent flooding treatment (r = 0.48–0.71). The DNDC methane
emission simulation was lower than the observed values.
Main findings: Methane emissions from continuous flooding were 0.797–1.048 kg C/ha/d, which
were higher than with intermittent irrigation (0.03–0.401 kg C/ha/d). Model simulations and crop
growth showed that intermittent irrigation was effective in paddy cultivation for mitigating methane
emissions.

Inhibition of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 Mpro by sugarcane polyphenol compound

2026-09-04T10:08:25+07:00

Importance of the work: There have been limited studies on high-yield polyphenol sources from
agroindustry by-products for cost-effective novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2
(SARS-CoV-2) antivirals.
Objectives: To isolate polyphenols from molasses and bagasse, to test their inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
and to develop cost-effective antiseptic products.
Materials and Methods: Polyphenols from molasses and bagasse were purified and analyzed using
spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD).
Extracts were tested for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibition, with the concentrations determined required to inhibit
SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity by 50% (IC50). Each candidate fraction was analyzed using mass spectrometry
and HPLC-DAD. Molecular docking of 12 molecules against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was conducted using the
GOLD software.
Results: The polyphenol crude extract achieved 100% inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro at 100 µg/mL, while
fractions 1, 3 and 5 achieved inhibition values (mean ± SE) of 84.15 ± 3.57%, 46.25 ± 13.54% and 29.54 ±
6.14% inhibition, respectively. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified
key compounds in fraction 1, including linarin, which produced strong binding in molecular docking studies.
Linarin formed hydrogen bonds with key residues in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and demonstrated significant
inhibitory activity with a (mean ± SE) IC50 value of 89.98 ± 10.15 µM. Based on these results, linarin, a
naturally occurring flavonoid, could serve as a promising inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
Main finding: Polyphenol extracts showed substantial SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibition, with fraction 1
containing linarin, which had strong binding and inhibitory activity (IC50 of 89.98 ± 10.15 µM). Linarin could
be a promising natural inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.

Enhancing jatropha genotype selection for wood chemical composition and calorific value using near-infrared spectroscopy

2026-09-04T10:19:25+07:00

Importance of the work: Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has great potential as a
high-throughput characterizing tool, especially for improving wood qualities in jatropha
breeding work.
Objectives: To characterize jatropha wood qualities across various genotypes and to
investigate the relationship between chemical composition and calorific value based on
evaluating the chemical composition and calorific value of jatropha wood using NIR
spectroscopy.
Materials and Methods: Analysis was conducted on 365 wood samples from various
jatropha genotypes. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin,
cellulose, hemicellulose and calorific value were all predicted using partial least squares
(PLS) regression models.
Results: The correlation coefficient (r) values of these models ranged from 0.65** to
0.81**, where ** indicates significance at p < 0.01, with low standard error of calibration
and of prediction. In addition, there were significant effects of harvest age and reharvesting, along with notable genotypic variations in all quality parameters that the PLS
models anticipated, with significant correlations between calorific value and NDF (r =
0.65**), ADF (r = 0.42**) and lignin (r = 0.91**).
Main finding: The NIR spectroscopy models developed had modest predictive
performance for calorific value and wood chemical components of jatropha, indicating
that NIR has potential as a rapid and non-destructive tool for preliminary screening and
comparative evaluation of genotypes based on wood quality

Synthesis of biflavonoid frameworks using Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with boronic acids

2026-09-04T10:28:45+07:00

Importance of the work: Boronic acids were used in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling
reaction to construct biflavonoid compounds.
Objectives: To investigate the use of boronic acids in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling
reaction for biflavonoid synthesis.
Materials and Methods: Various methods were used, depending on molecularsymmetry.
A symmetrical 3′,3′′′-biapigenin framework was constructed using a center-to-edge
strategy. With the amentoflavone framework, the initial preparation of monoflavonoid
intermediates was followed by a sequence of reactions to form biflavonoid frameworks.
Results: A biapigenin structure, characterized by both A–B and B–B linkages, was
synthesized under the specified conditions. A comparative study with amentoflavone
revealed that boronic acids (ArB(OH)2) were effective under standard aqueous-basic
Suzuki-Miyaura coupling conditions.
Main finding: In the examined systems, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions using
boronic acids proceeded, whereas the corresponding reactions using pinacol boronates
were unsuccessful.

Production optimization and properties of carbohydrate-based yogurts utilizing Dioscorea hispida Dennst tubers as raw material

2026-09-04T10:33:16+07:00

Importance of the work: Dairy-based yogurts can trigger lactose intolerance, increasing the demand
for carbohydrate-based alternatives for health reasons.
Objectives: To investigate the potential of Dioscorea hispida Dennst tubers as raw material for
producing carbohydrate-based yogurt.
Materials and Methods: Yogurts were made using D. hispida flour and starch, using Lactobacillus
delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (LB) and Streptococcus thermophilus (ST). The production varied the
tuber-to-water ratio, lactic acid bacteria and skim milk. Product quality was determined based on the
pH, titratable acidity, syneresis and viable cell count. The extended fermentation, storage stability,
proximate composition and sensory properties of the products were evaluated.
Results: The optimal flour-based product used a flour-to-water ratio of 1:10, a bacterial mix of LB and
ST and 1% skim milk. The starch-based product used a starch-to-water ratio of 1:8, the same bacterial
mix and 3% skim milk. Extended fermentation showed significant (p < 0.05) variations in titratable
acidity (TA) and viable cell counts for yogurt-like product from flour (YLPF), while yogurt-like
product from starch (YLPS) had differences in the pH and TA. There was a significant difference in
the TA between the two products. Storage at room and cold temperatures (4°C) affected the syneresis,
TA and viable cell count for both products, with room temperature storage producing slightly better
results. Compared to YLPF, YLPS had higher levels of crude protein, lipid, fiber, reducing sugar and
TA. Sensory evaluation revealed that both were inferior to the dairy-based control.
Main finding: D. hispida tubers had potential as a substrate for carbohydrate-based yogurts.
However, further optimization is required to improve the storage stability and sensory qualities.
This study should provide a foundation for developing novel carbohydrate-based products from
underutilized tuber crops.

Optimizing edamame [Glycine max (L.) Merr., 1917] production through bioactive charcoal compost application on alluvial soils

2026-09-04T10:39:15+07:00

Importance of the work: Edamame production in tropical regions is constrained by limited arable land and
poor soil fertility, particularly on nutrient-deficient alluvial soils. Sustainable soil management using organic
amendments, such as bioactive charcoal compost (BCC), is therefore needed to improve soil health and crop
productivity.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of varying BCC dosages on growth parameters and yield components of
edamame cultivated on alluvial soil under tropical conditions.
Materials and Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Rasau Jaya III Research Station, West
Kalimantan, Indonesia, from February to April 2024. A randomized complete block design was used with five
treatments: a control (a0); corn-stem compost at 4,500 g/plot (a1); and bioactive charcoal compost at 1,500 g/
plot (a2), 3,000 g/plot (a3) and 4,500 g/plot (a4). Each treatment was replicated six times with 75 plants per
experimental unit (3.0 m × 1.0 m plot size) over a growing period of 60 d (harvest at R6 stage, 60 days after
planting). The parameters measured were growth variables (plant height, leaf number, and branch number),
yield variables (numbers of filled and empty pod, pod weight, and filling percentage), plant tissue nutrient
content (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil chemical properties. Data were analyzed
using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test at a significance level of p
< 0.05.
Results: The BCC applications significantly enhanced plant growth metrics and yield components (p < 0.05).
The highest dosage treatment (a4: 4,500 g/plot bioactive charcoal compost) demonstrated superior performance
compared to the control treatment (a0), with plant height increasing 12.4% (29.17 cm versus 25.94 cm), leaf
number improved 35.0% (19.72 versus 14.61), filled-pod count increased 72.8% (36.28 versus 21.00) and filledpod weight increased 64.6% (96.67 g versus 58.72 g). Soil pH improved from 4.42 to 5.12, while nutrient uptake
efficiency increased substantially for nitrogen (68%), phosphorus (81%) and potassium (65%).
Main finding: BCC application at 4,500 g/plot (equivalent to 15 t/ha on a 3.0 m² plot) was an effective
sustainable soil management strategy for optimizing edamame productivity on alluvial soils, achieving up to
72.8% increased pod production and 64.6% increased pod weight compared to the control, while providing both
immediate yield benefits and long-term soil health improvement in tropical agricultural systems.

Sodium selenite supplementation diminishes reactive oxygen species and enhances post-thaw spermatozoa membrane integrity of Indonesian indigenous bulls

2026-09-04T10:53:34+07:00

Importance of the work: Cryopreservation and thawing induce oxidative stress (OS), which
impairs spermatozoa quality. Sodium selenite (Se) supplementation may provide protective and
antioxidant effects.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of Se supplementation on reactive oxygen species (ROS)
production and membrane integrity of Aceh and Bali bull semen.
Materials and Methods: In total, 220 semen straws were obtained from superior bulls of both
the Aceh and Bali breeds from the Artificial Insemination Center (Balai Besar Inseminasi BuatanBBIB) Singosari, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were allocated to five treatment groups: control
(no supplementation) and Se supplementation at 1 part per million (ppm), 5 ppm, 25 ppm and 50
ppm (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). Each solution was stored at 4°C for 60 min. The parameters
assessed were: motility, viability, abnormalities, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome
membrane integrity (AMI) and ROS level. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and Pearson’s correlation analysis.
Results: There were significant (p < 0.05) improvements in post-thaw motility, viability, primary
abnormality and PMI in all supplemented groups compared to the control groups for both breeds.
Secondary abnormalities were observed exclusively in the Aceh bull samples, whereas significant
AMI was noted only in the Bali bull samples. Se supplementation significantly reduced ROS levels,
with T2 having the greatest efficacy. The Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed strong positive
correlations (p < 0.01) among motility, viability and PMI across both breeds, whereas ROS was
negatively correlated with all quality parameters. There were breed-specific differences in the
relationship between morphological abnormalities and sperm quality.
Main finding: Se supplementation improved post-thaw spermatozoa quality in both breeds, with 5
ppm being the optimal concentration. These findings highlight the potential of Se as a key additive
in semen extenders to support semen quality during cryopreservation

Prediction of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed quality after ethanol vapor ageing based on seed respiration rate using non-dispersive infrared CO2 sensor

2026-09-04T11:04:09+07:00

Importance of the work: Conventional methods for evaluating groundnut seed quality are
time-consuming and often destructive. Real-time respiration measurement could provide a
rapid and non-destructive method for assessing seed viability and vigor.
Objectives: To generate groundnut seed lots with varying physiological quality through
ethanol vapor ageing, determine the relationship between seed quality and respiration rate,
and develop a real-time respiration rate measurement method for indicating seed viability and
vigor.
Materials and Methods: Groundnut seed lots with varying physiological quality were
generated by ethanol vapor ageing for 0 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min or 40 min. Seed viability
and vigor were assessed, and real-time respiration rates were measured for 24 hr using a nondispersive infrared CO2 sensor to determine their relationship with seed physiological quality.
Results: Ethanol vapor ageing progressively reduced seed quality, with germination
decreasing from 88.5% to 6.0%, tetrazolium viability from 84.0% to 26.0%, and electrical
conductivity increasing from 4.69 to 51.02 µS/cm/g as ageing duration increased from 0 min
to 40 min. Seed respiration rate was significantly and negatively correlated with physiological
quality over 24 hr, and the 3 hr measurement produced strong predictive relationships with
all quality parameters (R² > 0.80), including germination (R² = 0.88) and tetrazolium viability
(R² = 0.97), indicating its potential as a rapid, non-destructive test.
Main finding: Ethanol vapor ageing in a vacuum container effectively generated groungnut
seed lots with varying levels of physiological quality. Real-time respiration rate, particularly
after 3 hr, showed potential as a rapid and non-destructive indicator of seed viability and vigor.

Milk production and genotypic variants for Prolactin (PRL) and Prolactin receptor (PRLR) Slick1 genes identified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism on selected dairy cattle farms in the Philippines

2026-09-04T11:10:06+07:00

Importance of the work: A locally developed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) test for the Prolactin (PRL) and Prolactin receptor (PRLR) Slick1 gene variants is
the first to be made available to dairy farms that is comparable to commercial genotyping kits.
Objectives: To test the locally developed PCR-RFLP assay for determining the genotype frequencies of
the PRLR Slick1 variant and PRL genes and to determine whether there are variations in milk production
performance of cows according to genotype.
Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA samples of 479 dairy cattle from four farms in the Philippines were
genotyped using PCR-RFLP with PciI and RsaI restriction enzymes for the PRLR Slick1 and PRL genes,
respectively. Genotype and allele frequencies were determined and the 305 d lactation period (305D) milk
yield of cows was analyzed according to genotype.
Results: The PCR-RFLP of the PRL gene identified three genotypes: AA, AG and GG, with allele frequencies
of 0.16 (A) and 0.84 (G). The PCR-RFLP of the PRLR Slick1 gene variant had two genotypes: hetero-slick
(CT) and non-slick (CC), with allele frequencies of 0.94 (C) and 0.06 (T). The genotypes obtained using the
PCR-RFLP assay were consistent with the commercial genotyping method. The main effect of PRL was
associated with significantly higher 305D milk yield for GG genotyped cows. There were no significant
differences in the 305D milk yield among the cows with different PRLR Slick1 genotypes. The interaction
of calving season × PRL genotype produced a significantly lower 305D milk yield for the GG cows calving
during the hot-humid season, whereas no significant difference was observed for the AG cows calving
regardless of season. However, while the results are preliminary, irrespective of the PRL genotype, hetero-slick
cows fared better than non-slick cows calving during the hot-humid season.
Main finding: The results from the locally developed PCR-RFLP test for PRL and PRLR Slick1 mutation were
comparable to those from the commercial genotyping method, which should enable local testing for selection
and planned breeding of animals carrying the favorable alleles of the PRL and PRLR Slick1 genes.

Utilization of alternative resistant starch-rich flours in sourdough bread development

2026-09-04T11:18:53+07:00

Importance of the work: Sourdough bread provides a suitable matrix for incorporating
functional ingredients such as resistant starch (RS), which can enhance the nutritional
profile of bakery products.
Objectives: To develop consumer-acceptable sourdough bread enriched with RS-rich
flours and to evaluate its physicochemical and sensory properties.
Materials and Methods: Six alternative RS-rich flours—red bean, black bean, white
bean, cashew nut, oat and green banana—were used as partial substitution for wheat
flour at levels of 0–20% (weight per weight). Evaluation was based on the chemical
composition, functional properties, bread quality and consumer acceptance.
Results: RS-rich flour substitution significantly affected sourdough bread quality. The
white bean flour at 20% provided the highest protein and dietary fiber contents but
reduced loaf volume. The black bean flour at 10% produced the firmest crumb, while
green banana flour at 15% had the highest RS retention. Consumer testing indicated that
the red bean flour at 15% achieved the highest overall liking, particularly for taste and
aroma. Just-About-Right analysis supported the selected substitution levels and identified
attributes requiring minor adjustment.
Main finding: The RS-rich flours improved sourdough bread nutrition by increasing RS,
protein or fiber, while maintaining acceptable sensory quality.

Stability analysis of forage yield of Iranian and exotic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) genotypes using genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction biplot method

2026-09-04T11:25:35+07:00

Importance of the work: The stability of forage yield under variable climate conditions is
increasingly important for sustainable alfalfa production under climate change scenarios.
Objectives: To assess the genotype × environment interaction for the prediction of differential
genotype responses and to support the selection of superior, low-risk genotypes.
Materials and Methods: The stability was evaluated of the forage yield of nine Iranian and
international alfalfa genotypes over 2 y (2021–2022) in a randomized complete block design,
with three replications across four agricultural research stations in Iran (Karaj, Dezful, Yazd, Jiroft).
Results: Combined analysis of variance for dry forage yield and plant height revealed significant
effects of environment, genotype and their interaction. Stability analyses using Shukla’s
stability variance and Lin and Binns’ superiority coefficient identified the Omid genotype
as an optimal combination of high dry forage yield with 21.34 t/ha and acceptable stability.
Furthermore, the genotype plus genotype-by-environment biplot analysis showed that Omid and
Baghdadi (located closest to the ideal genotype) combined superior yield with stability across
environments. The commercial CUF101 genotype, despite a moderate forage yield (20.62 t/ha),
had favorable stability under unpredictable environmental conditions and was recommended for
stress-prone areas.
Main finding: These results show that the applied method was reliable for selecting and
deploying stable, high-yielding alfalfa cultivars adapted to diverse climatic regions of Iran.

Assessing ecological impacts of urban forest conversion using Sentinel-2 NDVI-based canopy cover analysis: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis

2026-09-04T11:34:36+07:00

Importance of the work: The lack of integration of canopy cover assessment with ecological
indicators constrains effective monitoring and conservation of small tropical urban forests.
Objectives: To identify research trends, evaluate geographic information system and remote- sensing
techniques for canopy cover assessment and determine relevant ecological indicators for the Shah
Alam Community Forest (SACF), Selangor, Malaysia.
Materials and Methods: A systematic review was undertaken using: Preferred Reporting Items
for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) on Scopus-indexed studies (2020–2025);
bibliometric analysis via VOSviewer; and inclusion criteria limited to peer-reviewed English articles
on urban forest conversion, canopy cover, GIS and remote sensing.
Results: From 1,697 initial records, 465 passed screening and 15 studies underwent full analysis.
Research growth peaked in 2024 (110 articles). Four thematic clusters emerged: remote sensing
methods, urban forest ecology, canopy change/land use/land cover and conservation policy. China
ranked 1st, with Malaysia ranking 10th in publication output. Major gaps were: limited integration of
canopy metrics with biodiversity data; few studies on small-scale tropical forests such as SACF; and
minimal fragmentation analysis in urban contexts.
Main finding: The conceptual framework of urban forest research, the key research milestones of the
Urban Forest Ecological Assessment; the gaps analisis and justification that calls for the research; and
the framework for preserving urban forest with geospatial methods that enable the multidimensional
canopy cover analysis with ecological indicators can enhance monitoring and conservation strategies
for small tropical urban forests.

Overview of pesticides and their mechanisms of nervous system toxicity: A comprehensive review

2026-09-04T11:46:52+07:00

Pesticides are chemical or biological agents engineered to prevent, control, attract
or eliminate pests. They differ widely in their physical, chemical and toxicological
characteristics and these differences form the basis for their classification into distinct
categories. Pesticides are used extensively in different fields such as agriculture, forestry,
aquaculture and the food industry. However, their increasing use over the years has raised
serious concerns about environmental and public health risks. Improper or excessive
application of pesticides can lead to severe ecological damage and adverse effects on living
organisms. Even low-level exposure has been linked to several neurological disorders.
This review explored the effects of pesticide exposure for long and repeated periods on
the onset and progression of various neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases,
including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
cognitive and behavioral impairments and autism spectrum disorder. In addition,
the importance was underscored of responsible pesticide management and the adoption
of integrated pest management practices to minimize exposure risks. By providing
an in-depth overview of pesticide classifications, mechanisms of action and their
health and environmental consequences, this review seeks to encourage safer and more
sustainable approaches to pest control and agricultural productivity.