Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Research Journal

Effect of Enriching with Split-gill Mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) on the Characteristics of Cracker Products

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Crackers are baked snacks primarily made from wheat flour, characterized by low sugar content, relatively high fat and a crispy, firm, layered texture. They are widely popular as a snack. Meanwhile, Split-gill mushrooms (Schizophyllum commune), which are rich in beneficial nutrients, are gaining attention for their potential in various food product developments. This research aimed to develop crackers fortified with Split-gill mushroom by experimenting with a basic cracker recipe supplemented with five different levels of Split-gill mushroom: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% based on wheat flour weight. The physical, chemical and sensory properties of the crackers were analyzed. The results showed that the basic cracker formula (Formula 4) received the highest overall preference in terms of color, aroma, taste, texture and overall liking (p≤0.05). Crackers fortified with 20% Split-gill mushroom were moderately accepted, with no significant difference in acceptance compared to the basic formula (p>0.05). Fortifying with Split-gill mushroom led to an increase in the redness value (a*) of the crackers, while the lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values decreased, resulting in a darker brown product. The texture of the fortified crackers showed no significant difference in hardness compared to the basic formula (p>0.05). Moisture content and water activity (a_w) slightly increased. When comparing the nutritional values per 100 grams, crackers fortified with 20% Split-gill mushroom showed reduced energy and fat content but increased carbohydrates, protein, ash, and dietary fiber. The development of Split-gill mushroom fortified crackers demonstrated the potential to enhance nutritional value and effectively expand market opportunities.

A Review on the Use of Waste Plastic Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines

Chalita Kaewbuddee, Somkiat Maithomklang — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Plastic waste is one of the most pressing global environmental challenges, escalating in severity and urgently requiring sustainable management solutions. Converting plastic waste into energy—particularly in the form of waste plastic oil (WPO) via pyrolysis—has garnered widespread attention in the research community. Such interest is due to its potential to reduce persistent, non-biodegradable waste while simultaneously generating a viable alternative energy source. This review article gathers, examines, and combines current research about WPO, looking at its physical and chemical traits, how it performs in engines, how it burns, and its exhaust emissions compared to regular diesel fuel. The findings reveal that WPO possesses a hydrocarbon composition and heating value similar to fossil-based fuels and can be used in diesel engines with minimal modification. However, certain limitations remain, such as low cetane index, high viscosity, low flash point, and elevated levels of specific emissions, including NO_X and CO, compared to diesel. In addition, this review identifies significant gaps in the current body of research, which has largely emphasized technical experimentation while overlooking economic evaluations and policy-related aspects. Issues such as the economic feasibility of WPO production systems, energy cost per unit, and the role of governmental support mechanisms are rarely addressed but are crucial for large-scale industrial implementation.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Centella asiatica Leaves Extract and Their Antibacterial Activity Against Vibrio spp.

Waralee Krainara, Sunisa Khongthong, Umaporn Khimmakthong — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The outbreak of Vibrio spp. bacteria that cause diseases in shrimp has continuously impacted the shrimp farming industry. Therefore, developing new strategies for pathogen control is crucial, especially the application of silver nanoparticles, which are well-known for their potent antimicrobial activity. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a water extract of Centella asiatica leaves, which was mixed with 10 µM of AgNO₃ solution. The mixture was then incubated at room temperature, and changes were monitored using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The particle characteristics were analyzed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and the antibacterial activity was evaluated using the Broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the silver nanoparticles against four strains of Vibrio spp. The study found that the silver nanoparticle synthesis reaction began after the addition of the C. asiatica extract and reached its peak after 240 minutes of incubation. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape, with sizes ranging from 4 to 100 nanometers. The study on the effectiveness of the silver nanoparticles against four strains of Vibrio spp., including V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, and V. fluvialis, using the Broth microdilution method. The silver nanoparticles were found to effectively inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens. The MIC values were 15.63±0.00, 31.25±0.00, 15.63±0.00, and 15.63±0.00 ng/ml for V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, and V. fluvialis, respectively. The MBC values, indicating bactericidal activity, were 31.25±0.00, 62.50±0.00, 31.25±0.00, and 15.63±0.00 ng/ml, respectively. These results demonstrate that the nanoparticles exhibited the highest bactericidal efficiency against V. fluvialis and the lowest against V. vulnificus. The findings from this study can be applied to the control and prevention of Vibrio spp. infections in shrimp, playing a key role in reducing antibiotic usage, promoting environmental sustainability, and enhancing the long-term sustainability of the shrimp farming industry.

Development of Prik Ka Kleua: Original Thai Sprinkles Seasoning for Rice

Paphakorn Srisorn, Peerarat Doungtip, Sathithon Purintraphiban — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Prik Ka Kleua is a traditional Thai travel-friendly food. This research aims to develop the formulation and processing of Prik Ka Kleua, to enhance its taste in the form of a Sprinkles Seasoning for Rice. The formulation was developed by optimizing the content of coconut sugar and salt, with coconut sugar (at 23 and 25%) and salt (at 2, 3, and 4%), compared to the basic formula. The panel rated Prik Ka Kleua with 23% coconut sugar and 2% salt the highest. Subsequently, the study examined black sesame levels at 6, 7, and 8%, with 6% black sesame receiving the highest preference score from the panel. In the processing, traditional pan-roasting was replaced with oven drying at 65°C, studying three different drying times: 7, 10, and 13 hours. Compared to the control method, a drying time of 10 hours was found to be the optimal duration. The developed formulation of Prik Ka Kleua consists of 69% roasted coconut, 23% coconut sugar, 2% salt, and 6% roasted black sesame, with L* a* b* values of 41.24, 2.69, and 9.54, respectively. The water activity value is 0.24. The chemical composition includes 46.10% carbohydrates, 41.75% fat, 6.34% protein, 3.84% ash, and 1.97% moisture. The total energy content is 585.51 kcal per 100 grams. The panel rated their preference for appearance, color, sweetness, saltiness, overall flavor, and overall liking at 6.50, 7.10, 7.36, 6.36, 7.56, and 7.53, respectively

Evaluation of Energy Conservation Measures and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction of Lighting System in Rattanakosin Place Building, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin

Jirasak Pukdum, Valee Amatayakul, Waranyoo Louchot — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to evaluate energy savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions achieved by replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps in the Rattanakosin Place Building at Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin. Energy consumption data were collected before and after the replacement, along with analyses of Life Cycle Cost (LCCA), Return on Investment (ROI), and GHG mitigation. The findings reveal that replacing 964 fluorescent lamps (28W, 14W, and 11W) with LED lamps (18W, 9W, and 5W, respectively) reduced energy consumption by 48.8%, from 54,030.24 kWh/year to 27,609.12 kWh/year, and correspondingly decreased GHG emissions by 14,964.92 kgCO₂eq/year (49%). Over a 3-year lifespan, LCCA showed the total cost of the LED system (486,013 THB) was lower than the fluorescent system (784,583 THB), yielding net savings of 298,570 THB. The ROI stood at 121.2% with a 10-month payback period, confirming economic viability. These results demonstrate positive impacts on environmental protection and national energy sustainability.

Study of Organic Carbon Content in Seagrass Meadows of Sattahip Bay, Chonburi Province, Thailand

Chanadda Ketma, Saranya Rakseree, Junthip Tongjun — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to study the amount of organic carbon, organic carbon flux in sediments, and stable isotopes of carbon precipitated into 3 types of seagrass areas: 0% no seagrass area, <25% seagrass cover, and >75% seagrass cover at the beach in front of Apakornkiatwong Hospital, Sattahip Bay, Sattahip District, Chonburi Province. Water quality samples were collected and sediment traps were left in the study area for 7 days. Samples were collected twice in the summer (March) and the rainy season (June) of 2022. The results showed that the accumulation of organic matter in areas with seagrass cover <25% and >75% could trap more sediment than the area without seagrass (0%) during summer by about 10 times and about 2 times in the rainy season. The amount of organic carbon flux in the rainy season was significantly different from the summer, with an average value in the rainy season of 11.31±5.99 g C m^-2day^-1, which was higher than that in the summer, which was 1.69±1.81 g C m^-2day^-1. The amount of organic carbon sedimented in seagrass covers >75 % had the highest accumulation, followed by <25 % and 0%, respectively. The ratios of stable isotopes of carbon (d ¹³C) can be used to identify the sources of organic matter transported into the seagrass areas. It was found that the sediments were sourced from plankton -21 ‰ and suspended organic sediments of -28.5 to -21 ‰ (organismal debris) the most. Therefore, the accumulation of organic carbon, organic carbon flux and stable isotopes of carbon in sediments are related to the type of seagrass covers.

The Development of a Balance Training Board to Improve the Large Muscle Groups in Children with Autism

Maturose Chaoraiparn, Yingyong Rungfah, Phatcharaya Pongpunyayuen — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research is an experimental study aimed at developing a balance training board to promote gross motor skills in children with autism and evaluating its effectiveness. The primary focus is to enhance balance ability, a fundamental skill essential for physical development. The study involved a sample group of eight boys and girls with autism, aged 3 to 6 years, selected based on criteria indicating balance difficulties. The research instruments included questionnaires reviewed by experts in occupational therapy and design, along with evaluation forms and behavioral observation tools in simulated scenarios. The designed balance training board resembles a rocking horse. Its structure is made from 1.5-inch round steel tubing, painted light yellow, measuring 60 cm in width, 70 cm in length, and 90 cm in height. It features two side handles, an anti-slip surface, and a spring-based mechanism under the base, integrated with a balance level measurement device. The intervention was carried out in the form of continuous occupational therapy for four weeks, three days per week, 10 minutes per session. This duration was considered suitable for the attention span and cooperation level of children within this age group. The therapy sessions were observed and evaluated by a professional occupational therapist. The results showed that the children exhibited continuous improvement in their balance abilities. These findings indicate that the developed balance training board is effective in enhancing gross motor function in children with autism.

Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities from Centotheca lappacea L. Desv. Extract

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties, total phenolic content, and antibacterial activity of Centotheca lappacea extract. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay, total phenolic content was analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined to assess the extract's efficacy against bacteria. The results showed that C. lappacea extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 21.182 µg/ml and a total phenolic content of 16.61 mg GAE/g extract. It effectively inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes with an inhibition zone, MIC, and MBC of 19.33±1.15 mm, 125 µg/ml, and 125 µg/ml, respectively. However, it did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings demonstrate that C. lappacea extract possesses antioxidant properties and exhibits antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes, suggesting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.

The Study of Chemical Composition and Condensed Tannin Content in Forage Plants

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient value, chemical composition, and condensed tannin content in 11 forage species, including Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin), Thysanostigma siamensis J.B. Imla Mmelina bengalensis, Paspalum conjugatum Berg, Oil palm frond, Leucaena leucocephala leaves , coffee leaves, banana leaves, Acacia mangium leaves, mulberry leaves and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. var. The result shows that the chemical composition on a dry matter basis (% DM) varied significantly among species (p<0.01). The highest crude protein content was found in Leucaena leucocephala leaves (27.95%), followed by coffee leaves (24.93%), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. var leaves (18.18%), mulberry leaves (17.31%), Ommelina bengalensis L. (15.00%), Leucaena leucocephala (Tephrosia) leaves (14.04%), Paspalum scrobiculatum (10.93%), banana leaves (9.09%), and oil palm frond (5.80%), respectively. Oil palm leaves exhibited the highest levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and lignocellulose at 70.51% and 60.15%, respectively. The chemical composition of NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents of these forages were within ranges suitable for ruminant utilization. The condensed tannin content varied significantly among the various roughage samples (p<0.01). The highest amount of condensed tannins was found in banana leaves (5.59 g/kg DM), followed by Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin) (4.46 g/kg DM), Paspalum conjugatum Berg (3.66 g/kg DM), mulberry leaves (3.56 g/kg DM), Thysanostigma siamensis J.B. Imla (3.27 g/kg DM), oil palm frond (3.17 g/kg DM), neem leaves (2.93 g/kg DM), coffee leaves (2.42 g/kg DM), Thysanostigma siamensis J.B. Imla (2.11 g/kg DM), Acacia mangium leaves (1.62 g/kg DM), and Leucaena leucocephala (1.33 g/kg DM), respectively.

Studying Control Parameters Effects on Performance of Drying Cocoa Bean with Heat Pump Dryer

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this research was to study the effects of controlled parameters on the performance of drying cocoa beans with a heat pump dryer. The drying rate, the coefficient of heat pump performance, the specific moisture extraction rate, and color quality were analyzed to indicate the drying performance of cocoa beans. The controlled parameters included temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 ºC and velocities of 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 m/s using a small heat pump dryer. A closed air system with 60% of the air passing across the evaporator was used in all tests. One kilogram of fermented cocoa beans was used as the raw material. It had an initial moisture content of 142.42±0.52 % (dry basis) and it was dried until the final moisture content of 6.09±0.56 % (dry basis). The results showed that at the same temperature, the drying rate and the coefficient of heat pump performance increased as the velocity increased, but the specific moisture extraction rate decreased. In the case of constant velocity and then increasing the temperature, the drying rate and the coefficient of heat pump performance increased but the specific moisture extraction rate decreased. For the color quality, when the temperature and velocity increased, it was found that the brightness value (L) and yellowness value (b*) decreased, but the redness value (a*) increased. Finally, the condition of 40 °C and 1.5 m/s should be used because it gave the highest specific moisture extraction rate and the quality of dried cocoa beans met the needs of professional groups.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Proteus mirabilis from Crude Zanthoxylum limonella Extract

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study examined the antioxidant activity and antibacterial Proteus mirabilis activity of a crude Zanthoxylum limonella extract using two distinct polarity solvents. The crude Zanthoxylum limonella extraction yield was 12.7% when methanol was used as the solvent and 7.7% when dichloromethane was used. Zanthoxylum limonella crude extracts suppressed P. mirabilis bacterial growth with an average area of 23.83±0.624 mm in methanol and 15.33±0.623 mm in dichloromethane. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Zanthoxylum limonella were found to be 3.618±0.107 mgGAE/gDW and 4.279±0.539 mgQE/gDW in the methanol extract and 3.217±0.103 mgGAE/gDW and 2.722±0.125 mgQE/gDW in the dichloromethane extract, respectively. Based on the results of the experiment, it is possible to conclude that the crude extract of Zanthoxylum limonella, a potentially beneficial natural compound, could be used to treat patients with urinary tract infections. However, additional research, including animal testing and toxicity assessments in animal models, is required to confirm the future use of Zanthoxylum limonella extract in treating bacterial infections and other related diseases, as well as to ensure its safety for use.

Application of Geographic Information Systems for Flood Risk Assessment in Phran Kratai District, Kamphaeng Phet Province

Chantanu Sanguthai, Amon Krisanapan — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to identify the factors influencing flood occurrences and to assess flood risk areas in Phran Kratai District, Kamphaeng Phet Province, by applying Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in combination with spatial potential analysis. Eight factors were considered: slope, elevation, rainfall, soil drainage, distance from water sources, historical flood areas, land use, and population density. The weight and score of each factor were determined based on secondary data obtained from 15 related research studies. The factors were categorized and weighted accordingly to establish criteria for flood risk assessment. The results revealed that slope and land use were the most influential factors in flood risk. Areas with slopes between 6–15 degrees and agricultural land were identified as highly flood-prone, accounting for 45.65% and 76.83% of the total risk areas, respectively. Interestingly, areas without previous flood records showed high to very high flood risk, representing 88.58% of the flood-prone zones. Flood risk levels were classified into five categories: moderate risk (32.68%), low risk (25.17%), high risk (23.89%), very high risk (10.43%), and very low risk (7.83%). Sub-districts with over 50% of their area falling into high or very high-risk categories included Khui Ban O, Huai Yang, and Wang Tabaek. The study recommends using the resulting flood risk maps as a tool for flood prevention and management planning in cooperation with relevant agencies. Key measures include designating flood retention zones, preserving natural buffer areas, regulating construction in high-risk areas, improving waterways and drainage systems, and enhancing preparedness in high-risk communities.

GIS for Risk Areas Analysis of Stolen Motorcycles Crime, Mueang Chonburi Police Station, Thailand

Jutatip Sudjai, Jianguo Yang, Narong Pleerux, Xianfeng Huang — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

In 2023, Thailand exhibited the greatest motorbike usage rate on a global scale, as reported by the World Atlas website. The Department of Land Transport, Thailand recorded a total of 22,540,765 registered motorcycles in 2023. Motorcycle users in Thailand encounter the significant problem of vehicular theft. This research focused on the stolen motorcycle crime statistics under the jurisdiction of Mueang Chonburi Police Station, utilizing a dataset spanning five years from 2019 to 2023. This research recommends the implementation of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in high-risk areas. The concept of crime prevention in areas characterized by high crime rates or elevated risk factors has the potential to reduce overall crime levels. The objective of this study is to conduct crime analysis utilizing GIS-based methods, using ArcGIS Pro software version 3.0 to analyze the risk areas related to motorbike theft. The risk zones were assessed through spatial statistic analysis, including Global Moran's I approach of spatial autocorrelation and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics. The Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method was applied to improve the visualization of hot spots. The results of these three techniques indicate that, from 2019 to 2023, Nong Mai Daeng was identified as the highest risk area, with varying degrees of confidence: medium (90% confidence level, Gi* = 1.65–1.96), high (95% confidence level, Gi* = 1.96–2.58), and very high (99% confidence level, Gi* > 2.56). The findings of the analysis are highly valuable and significant for supporting various departments within the Royal Thai Police. Police stations can utilize this information for operational planning and allocating patrollers to local communities.