Recent Science and Technology

Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Prediction and Influential Parameter Analysis of Mechanical Property of Tea Residual-Filled Recycled Polypropylene Composite Materials

Anuchit Khongrit — 2025-08-28

This research aims to study the application of artificial intelligence algorithms or machine learning in analyzing the influence of factors affecting the mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene composite materials mixed with tea residual. The factors examined include the type of tea waste (Thai tea and green tea), the coupling agent
(PP-g-MA), and the thermoplastic elastomer.The study uses 5 algorithms: Generalized Linear Model, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network. The results show that thermoplastic elastomer has a negative effect on strength and hardness, but a positive effect on flexibility and impact resistance. PP-g-MA has a positive effect on strength and interfacial adhesion. The type of tea residue affects mechanical property differently depending on structure and chemical composition.

Comparing the prediction performance of algorithms, Decision Tree and Random Forest provide the most accurate predictions for most mechanical properties, with high R² values and low error rates. The average R² values across all mechanical properties for Decision Tree and Random Forest are 0.856 and 0.858, respectively. The Artificial Neural Network shows excellence in predicting percentage elongation with RSME only 6.73%. Support Vector Machine shows limitations in predicting mechanical property, especially in predicting elongation percentage and impact resistance. The results of this research demonstrate that Decision Tree and Random Forest show the potential of using machine learning techniques to efficiently design and develop composite materials with desired properties.

Development of a Community-Level Dried Fish Strip-Cutting Machine

Jaran Tamjai — 2025-08-28

This research aimed to develop a community-scale dried fish slicing machine designed for simplicity, ease of use, and enhanced productivity for its users. The machine was engineered to produce dried fish slices with a width ranging from 3.5 to 4 centimeters, powered by a 1/3 horsepower motor driving two sets of blades in opposite directions. When dried fish is fed into the blades, it is sliced into strips. Performance testing revealed that the machine achieved an average processing capacity of 6.98±0.028 kilograms per hour with an average efficiency of 99.50±0.005%, compared to manual slicing, which averaged 0.70 kilograms per hour. This indicates that the machine operates approximately 10 times faster than manual labor. Economic analysis demonstrated that using the machine incurs a cost of 7.57 THB per kilogram, with a payback period achieved after processing 782.96 kilograms of dried fish strips, making it a cost-effective alternative to manual labor.

Enhancement of Downdraft Gasifier using Cashew Nut Shell Waste as Fuel with Automatic Control System

Pitak Khlaichom — 2025-08-28

Automatic control systems are technologies designed to manage processes based on preset conditions, eliminating the need for direct human intervention. These systems enhance efficiency, speed, and safety in operations. The objective of this research was to increase the efficiency of a downdraft gasifier with an automatic control system. Thermocouples were used to measure the temperature inside the furnace, sending signals to a PLC controller for processing. A PID control program operated the inverter to regulate blower speed and control the air flow into the furnace. The system included a touch screen display for viewing various furnace status values and controlling the reduction zone temperature according to specified values. Additionally, it allowed both manual and automatic control of the blower and fuel feed motor. The experiment aimed to determine the thermal efficiency of a gasifier stove using cashew nut shell waste as fuel. The temperature of the reduction zone was controlled at three levels: 515 ºC, 615 ºC, and 715 ºC. Samples of the producer gas were analyzed in a laboratory using a gas chromatography machine. The research results found that the composition of the producer gas at the reduction zone temperature level of 515 °C yielded the highest heating value, measured at 4.39 MJ/Nm³. The proportions of combustible gases CO, H₂, and CH₄ were 21.0%, 13.5%, and 0.8%, respectively. The gasification system's efficiency with an automatic control system was calculated to be 48.68%, compared to that of the original gasification system without an automatic control system, which had an efficiency value of 39.92%, indicating that the automatic control system increased the gasification system efficiency by 21.94 %. The producer gas can be used as heat energy in the processing process to replace firewood and LPG.

Deterioration of Sandwich Composites between Plastics and Woven Bamboo Plates under Natural Weathering

Chatree Homkhiew — 2025-08-28

The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of plastic types (polystyrene, polypropylene, and polylactic acid) and woven bamboo patterns (weave pattern and marble pattern) on the mechanical and physical properties of sandwich composites made from plastic and woven bamboo plates, subjected to natural weathering for 6 months. In manufacturing the sandwich composites, the sample panels were compressed using a compression molding machine. From the results of experiment, analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the plastic types significantly (p<0.05) affected modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength, and puncture force, while with the same plastic type and woven bamboo pattern the 2-sample t-test revealed that the sandwich composites showed a significant decrease in mechanical properties (p<0.05). Further, after being subjected to natural weathering for 6 months, the sandwich composites made from polypropylene showed the highest mechanical properties (7.22-16.1 MPa) and those made from polylactic acid exhibited the lowest mechanical properties (2.1-9.1 MPa). The sandwich composites made from plastic and bamboo plates with a weave pattern had significantly higher mechanical properties than those with a marble pattern, both before and after exposure to natural weathering. Finally, considering physical changes, it was revealed that the sandwich composites made from plastic and woven bamboo plates exhibited less surface roughness and fewer cracks than 100% pure plastic after exposure to natural weathering.

Development of Biodegradable Plant Pots from Thermoplastic Starch/ Water Hyacinth/Peanut Hulls Polymer Composites

Pimpanitpa Kunthadong — 2025-08-28

This study prepared a biodegradable polymer composite for a prototype plant bio-pot from thermoplastic starch (TPS), poly (L-lactide) (PLL), reinforced with water hyacinth (WH) and peanut hulls (P) through a melt forming process. The TPS compounds were prepared from native tapioca starch using a plasticizer mixture consisting of glycerol and other plasticizers in a 2:1 weight ratio. The mixture included glycerol/sorbitol (GS), glycerol/urea (GU) and glycerol/distilled water (GW), and were complared with glycerol (Gly) alone. The results showed that plastic sheet from TPS_GS has tensile mechanical properties, thermal stability, and water resistance better than other TPS compounds. When TPS_GS was reinforced with water hyacinth fiber and peanut shell (WHP) at 10 % by weight and 5 phr PLL was added as an additive (90TPS_GS/10WHP+5PLL), the tensile and water absorption properties of the composite sheets were studied. It appeared that the reinforcement with 10% WHP by weight increased the elongation at break to 20.39%, while also reducing water absorption and improving the stability of the plastic sheet during testing. Additionally, the polymer composites can be formed into conical plant pots using a vertical ram extruder. The resulting plant pots exhibited a dark brown color with creamy streaks evenly distributed throughout, a smooth surface texture and morphology stability. They are suitable for use as small plant pots.

Study of Adhesion Force Between Rubber Pins and Concrete Slats

Satta Srewaradachpisal — 2025-08-28

This investigation focused on the adhesion between rubber pins and concrete slats by creating a rubber material and testing the adhesion between natural rubber pins and concrete slats. The pin features 15 distinct contact areas and densities. The adhesion of the rubber pin to the slat was then evaluated using both pulling and pressing force. The size of the contact area and the thickness of the rubber pins were found to result in a strong bond between the rubber pins and the slat concrete. The finite element method was used to calculate the reaction force between different types of rubber pins and concrete slats. When calculating the theoretical holding force, it was found that the theoretical holding force tended to correspond with the experimental results. Consequently, the cohesive force between the rubber pin and the concrete slat is a result of the reaction force. The force increases when the contact area, thickness, and mechanical properties of the rubber pin material are enhanced. This study determines the reaction force between the rubber pin and the concrete slat using the finite element method, which can be utilized to predict the adhesion between rubber fasteners and concrete slats in order to design animal pen slabs.

Feasibility of Using Durian Seeds, Jackfruit Seeds and Cassava as a Replacement for Rice in the Culture of Trichoderma harzianum in the Khao Khitchakut Community

Titi Thongkamngam — 2025-08-28

Currently, in the Khao Kitchakut community of Chanthaburi province, the production volumes of durian, jackfruit and cassava have increased, resulting in a large amount of waste materials from the agricultural sector and the fruit product processing industry. Consequently, a significant amount of agricultural and fruit processing byproducts exists. In particular, there is a substantial quantity of discarded seeds which, if not properly managed, could become a breeding ground for various plant diseases like root rot, stem rot, pink disease, and fruit rot in durian. Therefore, maximizing the utilization of these remaining seed portions becomes imperative. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using durian seeds, jackfruit seeds, and cassava as alternatives to rice for cultivating Trichoderma harzianum. The experimental design employs a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments, with ten repetitions: Treatment 1 – rice seeds; Treatment 2 – durian seeds; Treatment 3 – jackfruit seeds; and Treatment 4 – cassava.The rice method showed the highest mycelial growth and sporulation, with 100% colonization and 1.66x10⁶ spores per milliliter, respectively. Cassava and jackfruit seeds exhibited the lowest mycelial growth and sporulation, while durian seeds showed only 20% colonization and 0.5x10⁴ spores per milliliter, respectively. This was due to contamination by Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., resulting in the lowest mycelial growth and sporulation of Trichoderma sp. Therefore, we conclude that using durian and jackfruit seeds as substitutes for rice to cultivate Trichoderma sp. is not suitable for the propagation of the fungus.

Effects of Using Spent Coffee Grounds as a Substrate Supplement for Cultivation of Abalone Mushroom (Pleurotus cystidiosus)

Waraporn Kaewkhon — 2025-08-28

In Chiang Rai province, the number of coffee shops is increasing, resulting in a greater amount of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) each year. SCGs are a by-product generated by the coffee shop, and their waste has caused increasing environmental problems. Nowadays, there is a growing trend toward reusing SCGs. This study investigates the influence of SCGs as a supplementary substrate for abalone mushroom (Pleurotus cystidiosus) cultivation. The experiment was divided into (1) a control group of 100% sawdust and (2) treatment group with sawdust supplemented with SCGs in different ratios: 0.25% v/v, 0.50% v/v, 1.0% v/v and 2.5% v/v. The results showed that adding SCGs at ratios of 0.25 to 2.5% v/v increased mycelia growth. The highest growth rate was observed with 0.25% v/v and 0.5% v/v SCGs supplementation, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, sawdust substrate supplemented with 0.25 to 2.5% v/v SCGs produced a higher yield of abalone mushrooms compared to the control group (p<0.05). These findings indicate that using 0.25% and 0.5% v/v as a supplementary substrate can effectively promote mycelial growth, fruiting body size and yield of abalone mushrooms.

Effect of Combination between Insecticide and Fruit Bagging for the Control of Durian Fruit Borer, Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Patcharaporn Vanichpakorn — 2025-08-28

The durian fruit borer, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a serious insect pest of durian cv. Monthong, and integrated pest management is the best strategy to protect the plant. The objective of this research was to compare the integrated methods, which used insecticide and fruit bagging with spun-bonded bag or blue nylon bag, with farmer’s practice to manage durian fruit borer. The research was conducted from November 2022 to September 2023 at a durian orchard of the Faculty of Agriculture in Thung Yai District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments and three replications. The three treatment combinations were as follows: 1) spray of insecticide + fruit bagging with spun-bonded bag, 2) spray of insecticide + fruit bagging with blue nylon bag, and 3) spray of insecticide + fruit bagging with plastic bag (farmer’s practice). All tactics provided 100% protection of durian fruit from durian fruit borer. The durians from all tactics did not differ in fruit weight and quality, and no insecticide residues were detected. Additionally, the highest benefit cost ratio of 12.84 was obtained from the combination of insecticide spray and fruit bagging with spun-bonded bag, followed by insecticide spray and fruit bagging with plastic bag (12.21), and insecticide spray and fruit bagging with blue nylon bag (11.18), respectively. This study demonstrated that the integrated method of insecticide spray and fruit bagging combined with spun-bonded bag is a highly effective strategy in preventing damage from durian fruit borer while protecting the environment and creating a more sustainable agroecosystem.

Development of Trichoderma Cream Formulation for Controlling the Repeated Dissemination Disease of Stem Rot in Durian Plantations in the Eastern Region

Titi Thongkamngam — 2025-08-28

Stem rot disease spreading in durian causes severe damage to durian trees. The spread of the disease can cause durian trees to die. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to prevent and eliminate stem rot disease in durian plantations. This research aims to develop a Trichoderma cream formulation to control the repeated dissemination of stem rot disease in durian plantations in the eastern region. The study was conducted by collecting samples of stem rot disease in durian, dentifyingthe pathogenic fungi and Trichoderma fungi, and morphologically classifying the fungi. It was found that the cause of the disease was Phytophthora palmivora and Fusarium solani, while the Trichoderma fungus was classified by molecular biology as T. asperellum. Then, it was tested for initial efficacy using a dual-culture test, which found that T. asperellum could inhibit the hyphal growth of P. palmivora and F. solani at 79.8 and 88.7 percent, respectively. After that, the percentage of stem rot disease occurrence in durian was tested after applying the Trichoderma cream, the chemical metalaxyl and fosetyl-aluminium. It was found that the Trichoderma cream reduced disease occurrence to only 25 percent (dry and non-spreading lesions), while the chemical method with metalaxyl and fosetyl-aluminium resulted in a high percentage of disease occurrence, up to 94 and 96 percent (spreading lesions without drying). This indicates that the use of chemical substances such as metalaxyl and fosetyl-aluminium cannot control stem rot disease in durian trees. Therefore, the development of a Trichoderma cream formulation may be one way to reduce the problem of repeated dissemination of stem rot disease in durian plantations in the eastern region. Alternatively, if chemical substances are to be used for treatment, other chemical groups should be tested to replace the current group.

Nutrient Quality and Digestibility Improvement of Suwan Corn Ensiled with Microorganisms by in vitro Technique

Natchanan Boonkong — 2025-08-28

Inoculation of Bacillus subtillis (BS) in corn silage improves the quality of the silage. Moreover, the microbial activator super LDD2 (LDD2) contains microorganisms that digest fiber and can produce lactic acid. Therefore, the objective is to use BS and LDD2 to ensile with corn to improve the quality of silage and its digestibility in the rumen. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 4 factorial, completely randomized design. Three Suwan corn varieties were used: 4452, 5731, and 5819 (factor 1) along with four groups of microorganism inoculations: whole plant corn, corn silage, corn silage ensiled with BS and corn silage ensiled with LDD2 (factor 2). The results showed that the corn varieties did not affect the quality and digestibility of corn silage (P>0.05), but did affect neutral detergent fiber and soluble carbohydrates (P<0.05). The interaction between corn varieties and microbial inoculation affected crude protein in corn silage (P<0.05). Inoculation of Bacillus subtilis and microbial activator super LDD2 resulted in an increase in crude protein (P<0.05). In addition, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber in the microbial inoculation treatments was better than the control corn silage (P<0.05). These treatments also resulted in a higher total bacterial count (P<0.05) and increased total volatile fatty acids in the rumen (P<0.05). Therefore, ensiling Suwan corn with BS and LDD2 can increase the quality of corn silage, affecting its nutritional value and digestibility, and can be considered an alternative option for improving roughage quality.

Effects of Some Calcium Compounds and Plant Growth Regulators on the Fruit Quality of Ficus carica L. cv. Black Genoa

Rawipon Taikhong — 2025-08-28

The objective of this experimental was to study the effects of certain calcium compounds and plant growth regulators on the quality of fig fruit. The experiment was conducted at the Royal Agricultural Station Pang Da, Chiang Mai Thailand. A completely randomized design (CRD) with a 3×4 factorial arrangement was used, with treatments applied by spraying the fruits at 7 weeks after fruiting. Two types of calcium compounds (Factor 1) were used: Ca(NO₃)₂ at 200 mg/L and CaCl₂ at 200 mg/L. Three types of plant growth regulators (Factor 2) were used: GA₃ at 50 mg/L, NAA at 50 mg/L, and CPPU at 10 mg/L. The result showed that spraying with 0 mg/L of calcium resulted in the highest total soluble solids (TSS) and TSS/TA ratio, at 16.20 °Brix and 111.61, respectively. For the plant growth regulator factor, fruits sprayed with CPPU had the greatest fruit diameter and fruit weight, at 48.42 cm and 62.51 g/fruit, respectively. On the other hand, spraying with GA₃ resulted in the highest TSS, at 16.63 °Brix. The combination of Ca(NO₃)₂ at 200 mg/L with CPPU at 10 mg/L produced better fruit quality compared to the control.

Effect of Vermicompost Liquid on Growth of Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. nipposinica) in a Hydroponic System

Rungroj Kraisittipanit — 2025-08-28

Vermicomposting liquid contains microorganisms and plant hormones that can enhance plant growth. This research aimed to examine the amount of IAA and GA3 in vermicomposting liquid and in selected microorganisms isolated from it. The effect of vermicomposting liquid on the growth of Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. nipposinica) in a hydroponic system was also investigated. The study revealed the highest amount of IAA (123.31µg/ml) and GA3 (123.78 µg/ml) were produced by Penicillium menonorum and P. toxicarium, respectively, while the vermicomposting liquid contained 0.09 µg/ml of IAA and 0.56 µg/ml of GA3. Spraying vermicomposting liquid on Mizuna plants grown under hydroponics resulted in greater plant height, leaf number, leaf fresh weight, left width and root length compared to the control. The leaf number of vermicomposting liquid treated plant was higher than that of 25 ppm and 250 ppm synthetic IAA as well as 50 ppm and 500 ppm GA3. The study concluded that vermicomposting liquid can effectively promote the growth of Mizuna.

Comparision of Mixed Formula Planting Materials and Chemical Fertilizer (15-15-15) on Leaf Phosphorus Content Affecting Inflorescence Quantity and Fruit Set in Mango

Natthapong Pechampai — 2025-08-28

The objective of this study was to study the influence of mixed planting materials and chemical fertilizers on the amount of leaf phosphorus content that affects the number of inflorescences and fruit set in mangoes. The results showed that, before the experiment, the chemical fertilizer (15-15-15) had the highest phosphorus content. Among the mixed planting materials, PM3 contained the highest phosphorus content. Soil analysis revealed that phosphorus levels were highest in the T4(PM3), T3(PM2), T2(PM1), T1(15-15-15), and T0(Control) treatments, respectively, with significantly difference (p<0.05). An analysis of phosphorus in mango leaves revealed that T4 (PM3) had the highest content at 0.18%. Moreover, T4 (PM3) produced the highest number of inflorescences per plant (421) and the highest fruit yield per plant (532.25 fruits). Therefore, it can be concluded that the mixed planting materials result in higher phosphorus content in mango leaves and a greater number of inflorescences and fruit set compared to chemical fertilizers, with the difference being statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

Optimization of In Vitro Propagation of Curcuma longa Linn. var. Trang 1

sakulrat Hansuek — 2025-08-28

Trang 1 turmeric, commonly known as golden turmeric, is grown extensively in Nakhon Si Thammarat province due to its high live weight of 2.23 tons per rai. It is resistant to bacterial wilt disease and contains an average of 10.62% curcuminoids and 7.99% essential oils, making it quite popular. As a result, output is insufficient to satisfy market demand, and there is a shortage of good-quality plants for cultivation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to propagate the turmeric cv. Trang 1 in vitro to produce large numbers in a short time. Apical shoot induction was studied using bud fragments from turmeric rhizomes. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD). Shoots were surface sterilized and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) with benzyladenine (BA) concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/L for 3 months. It was found that turmeric shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L of BA produced the highest number of shoots at 7.60 shoots per explant, shoot height at 6.00 cm, and 4.80 leaves per plant. For root induction, apical shoots were cultured on medium for 3 months. The experimental design was a 7x2 factorial CRD with 2 factors: factor A was naphthylacetic acid (NAA) concentration (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/L) and factor B was with or without 0.2% of activated charcoal. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L NAA produced the maximum root number at 11.80 roots per plantlet and a root length of 7.40 cm. Turmeric plantlets with healthy roots were transplanted to a nursery in greenhouses with approximately 50% light penetration for one month. The results showed that the turmeric plants had an 80% survival rate and could rapidly grow into vigorous plants.As a result, turmeric propagation by tissue culture is another way to increase the quantity of turmeric plants commercially to obtain large quantities that are consistent and sufficient to meet demand.

Investigation of Surface Sterilization Procedure for Japanese Mini Rose Hohoemi (Rosa ‘Hohoemi Rouge’)

Thiwthong Thongpraphai — 2025-08-28

Japanese Mini Rose Hohoemi or Hohoemi rose (Rosa ‘Hohoemi Rouge’) is a rose cultivar that produces blooms throughout the year. This plant is widely used ornamentally because it produces a large number of flowers per branch and its exceptional resistance to plant diseases. It is essential to adjust the number of plants in order to consistently satisfy the ornamental plant market’s requirements. For this reason, tissue culture can help achieve this objective. However, no tissue culture report on Hohoemi rose has been found. Therefore, investigating a suitable surface sterilization method for achieving large numbers of in vitro axenic plantlets is crucial. In this current study, young branches of Hohoemi rose were subjected to four distinct procedures for surface sterilization using Hiter^® or Osil^® solutions. After that, nodes were subsequently excised and cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium. The contamination-free rate of the explants and the survival rate of the sterilized explants were recorded after 4 and 8 weeks of culture, respectively. The results revealed that surface sterilization with 10% (v/v) of Osil^® for 10 min of exposure time was the appropriate disinfection method. High rates of contamination-free (90%) and survival (100%) were achieved with this treatment. The results of this study will be helpful in producing large numbers of axenic cultures in vitro following the surface sterilization process, which will facilitate future research and the development of a successful tissue culture technique for Hohoemi rose.

Development of Value-Added Products from the Processing of Vacuum-Fried Vegetable and Fruit Residues: A Case Study of Furikake

Nawaporn Hongpan — 2025-08-28

This research aims to create a suitable rice seasoning product prototype formula using the residues from vacuum-fried fruits and vegetables. According to the findings, the prototype formula of the Furikake product that received the most acceptance was Formula 2 (containing residues from watermelon, pumpkin, pineapple, banana, and Shiitake mushroom powder in the amounts of 15, 30, 20, 20 and 15 grams, respectively). This formula had a moisture content of 6.17 percent and a free water content of 0.33, a rancidity value (TBA) of 6.81 micrograms of malondialdehyde per kg and an overall liking score of 7.90 points, indicating a moderate level of liking. The findings of the prototype formula development revealed that the watermelon and dried fish flavor received the most liking scores from consumers across all sensory attributes except appearance, with statistically significant differences. The overall liking score was 8.23 points, indicating the highest level of acceptance. Nutritional information for the prototype product of watermelon and dried fish rice seasoning includes moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents of 9.14%, 16.01%, 18.21%, and 4.60%, respectively. Additionally, it contains 52.04% of total carbohydrates (including 7.16 grams of dietary fiber and 43.57 grams of sugar), 700.70 milligrams of sodium, 7.817 micrograms of vitamin A, 46.90 micrograms of beta-carotene, 348.4 milligrams of calcium, 1.61 milligrams of iron, and 436.09 kcal of total energy per 100 grams, with 163.89 kcal of that derived from fat.

Puffed Brown Rice from Hom Chaiya using Heated Plate: Composition and Glycemic Index

Supaporn Apirattananusorn — 2025-08-28

The purpose of this research was to determine the proximate composition of Hom Chaiya rice, and glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) using in vitro starch digestion model of puffed brown rice from Hom Chaiya produced with a heated plate. The moisture content was found to be greater in raw white rice (14.40%) and raw brown rice (13.80%) than that in puffed brown rice (4.07%). Raw brown rice and puffed brown rice contained significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of protein, fat, dietary fiber, and ash contents of 8.69-8.76%, 2.76-2.87%, 3.65-3.89%, and 1.16-1.25%, respectively - than raw white rice, which contained 8.05% 1.30%, 2.28%, and 0.70%, respectively. The carbohydrate content of puffed brown rice (79.6%) was higher than that of raw white rice (73.27%) and raw brown rice (69.50%). Cooked white rice contained 85.21% starch, which was higher than that in cooked brown rice (78.98%) and puffed brown rice (82.11%). Puffed brown rice showed a slower starch digestion rate than both cooked white rice and cooked brown rice. The GI value of puffed brown rice was 75.43, lower than that of cooked white rice (97.00) and cooked brown rice (89.89). In addition, the GL value of puffed brown rice was 18.27, lower than that of cooked white rice (40.32) and cooked brown rice (45.30). Therefore, consumption of Hom Chaiya puffed brown rice is likely to be beneficial for individuals seeking to control blood sugar level based on its GI and GL values.

Effect of Fermentation on Physical and Chemical Characteristics, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity in Bitter Bean and Bamboo Shoot

Sukanya Maicaurkaew — 2025-08-28

Fermentation is a folk wisdom used to extend the shelf life of food and make it taste better. In addition, fermentation produces probiotic bacteria that are beneficial to the body. This research aims to study the effects of fermentation on the physical and chemical characteristics, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity in bitter bean(Parkia speciosa) and bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus asper). Bitter bean and bamboo shoots were fermented under controlled laboratory conditions using a brine solution consisting of 3 % salt and 40 % rice wash. The solution was brought to a boil and allowed to cool before being poured over the prepared samples in sterile containers. The fermentation process was carried out over a period of 14 days with the containers sealed. Bitter bean and bamboo shoots were femented in a laboratory setting and compared with market-sourced fermented bitter bean and bamboo shoots, as well as fresh bitter bean and bamboo shoots. The results showed that that fermentation led to decreased lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*), but increased redness (a*). Additionally, fermentation reduced pH while increasing ash and acid content compared to fresh bamboo shoots (p < 0.05). Furthermore, fermentation significantly boosted antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total tannins, GABA, and beta-carotene levels (p < 0.05). However, it caused a significant reduction in vitamin C, chlorophyll A, B, and total chlorophyll levels (p < 0.05). In summary, fermenting bitter bean and bamboo shoots affected the physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the bioactive compound and antioxidant activity properties.

Effects of Boiling and Drying Conditions on the Quality of Pra Seed (Elateriospermun tapos Blume)

donrudee pichairat — 2025-08-28

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different boiling and drying conditions on the quality of Pra seed (Elateriospermun tapos Blume). The conditions examined the concentration of the solution used for boiling (2% sodium chloride and 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% citric acid), boiling time (15, 20, and 30 minutes), and drying temperature (60, 80, and 100 ^oC). The objective was to identify the optimal process for producing dried Pra seed.
The findings indicated that the concentration of the boiling solution, boiling time, and drying temperature significantly affected the color, moisture, fat, and protein content change and reduced the total cyanide content in Pra seed (p<0.05). The optimal method for producing dried Pra seed involved boiling the seed in a solution consisting of 2% salt and 1% citric acid (w/v). The ratio of Pra seed to solution was 1:5 (w/v). The boiling process occurred at a temperature of 90±5 ^๐C for 20 minutes. Subsequently, the seed was dried in a tray dryer at 80 ^๐C for 210 minutes. The dried Pra seed had a higher L* value and fat content, lower moisture content, and total cyanide content than raw Pra seed. The moisture content of the dried Pra seed was 3.78%, while the fat and protein contents were 29.43% and 14.10% of the dry weight, respectively. It had a total cyanide content of 47.79 mg/kg dry weight. Additionally, it contained phenolic content of 46.52 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g dry weight, DPPH radical scavenging capacity of 8.83 mg ascorbic acid equivalents per 100 g dry weight, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of 5.92 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g dry weight. These findings indicated that the dried Pra seed produced was high-quality, safe, and suitable for consumption.

A Study on the Optimum Conditions for Producing Bacterial Cellulose and Its Antioxidant Properties from Mulberry Pomace by Acetobacter xylinum

Tasneem Somwong — 2025-08-28

Nata de Coco or cellulose produced by bacteria that create cellulose can be applied in various food applications. The objectives of this research were to study the optimal conditions for producing cellulose from mulberry pomace leftover from agricultural processing using Acetobacter xylinum strain and to study the antioxidant properties, comparing with cellulose from coconut juice. The experiment results showed that the optimal conditions for producing cellulose from mulberry pomace were an inoculum amount of 10% (v/v), a pH of 4.0 and incubation at 30 degrees Celsius for 14 days, whcih yielded the highest cellulose production. This was compared to cellulose production using coconut juice, which yield at 19.5±0.19 and 16.7±0.95 g/100 mL, respectively. A total soluble solids content was showed at 9.20±0.17 and 5.03±0.06 °Brix, respectively. When analyzing the physical quality of cellulose from mulberry pomace and coconut juice, it was found that cellulose from mulberry pomace had a significantly higher red color value (a*) with a statistical difference level of (p<0.05). The gel strength of cellulose from mulberry pomace was higher than that from coconut juice, measuring 28.27±0.35 and 19.67±0.37 newtons, respectively. Additionally, cellulose from mulberry pomace contained total monomeric anthocyanin at 853.09±5.37 mg equivalent to cyanidin-3-glucoside per 100 g of dry weight, total phenolic compound content at 131.16±0.466 mg equivalent to gallic acid per 100 g of dry weight, and total flavonoids at 214.0±0.37 mg equivalent to catechin per 100 grams of dry weight, and exhibited antioxidant properties (DPPH) with an IC50 value of 3.63±0.51 mg/mL..

Shelf Life Evaluation of Soft Dried Banana

Thanyanun Rithmanee — 2025-08-28

Shelf life evaluation of soft dried Kluai Hom Thong was carried on a product developed for the Ban Lam Chang agricultural product processing community enterprise, Pratu Pa subdistrict, Mueang district, Lamphun province. This research aims to study the shelf life of soft dried Kluai Hom Thong product. The shelf life was studied under accelerated temperature conditions using the Q10 equation and/or kinetic reaction, which are often used to calculate the shelf life of products under accelerated temperature conditions controlled at three levels: 25, 30 and 40^oC for a period of 12 weeks. The product was packed in metallite bags (Metallized Polyester, MPET) before storage and sampled to analyze physical, chemical, microbiological properties and sensory evaluation. The results found that the soft dried Kluai Hom Thong product has a shelf life at least 3.5 months at 35°C.The product's quality is acceptable to consumers and complies with the Thai community product standard for dried banana (112/2558). The information obtained from the research is suitable for the enterprise's product for consumers.

The Utilization of Bromelain Enzyme Crude Extract from Pineapple Waste

wanida maksiri — 2025-08-28

The objective of this research was to study the effect of supplementing meat goats with crude bromelain enzyme extract from pineapple peels and crowns, mixed with Napier Pakchong 1 grass as roughage source on their production performance and rumen ecology. A total of nine male crossbred Native × Boer goats (average 5 months) with an initial body weight of 14.71±0.89 kg were used in the study. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three groups and three replication goats in each group. All goats were fed with fresh cut Napier Pakchong 1 grass (average age 60 days) as the main roughage source by ad libltum and supplemented with 2.5% (BW)concentrate feed (not less than 14 percent protein). Group 1 goats were fed with fresh Napier Pakchong 1 grass, group 2 and 3 goats were fed crude bromelain enzyme extract from pineapple peels and crowns mixed with Napier Pakchong 1 grass at ratio of 2:0.5 and 2:1 by fresh weight. The results showed that the use of crude bromelain enzyme extract from pineapple peels and crowns mixed with Napier Pakchong 1 grass at (2:0.5 and 2:1 ratio) led to a decrease in dry matter value and an increase in moisture and protein value in grass. However, it had no effect on dry matter intake, growth rate, blood chemical composition and the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen in the rumen fluid. In conclusion, the use of crude bromelain enzyme extract from pineapple peels and crowns mixed with Napier Pakchong 1 grass as roughage source did not improve the production performance of meat goats. However, there is a tendency to increase the quality of Napier Pakchong 1 grass with protein levels. Therefore, there should be further study on the use of crude bromelain enzyme extract from pineapple peels and crowns to improve the quality of Napier Pakchong 1 grass silage before applying it in goat farming.

Effect of Tamarind Seed Husk and Sodium Nitrate for Reducing Methane Production in Rumen Fermentation: In vitro studies

Tuchchameth Tianwithkul — 2025-08-28

The global warming crisis is partially caused by ruminants through greenhouse gas production when they ferment their feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate tamarind seed husk (TSH) and sodium nitrate (SN) as alternative raw materials in a concentrate diet to reduce methane production in rumen fermentation. The experimental I, concentrate diets were formulated in four types, including no TSH in the diet (0TSH), and diet including 7.5%, 15.0% and 22.5% of TSH (7.5TSH, 15.0TSH and 22.5TSH), respectively. In experimental II, diet types included 10% of TSH (10TSH), 0% of TSH with 1% SN (0TSH&1SN) and 10% of TSH with 1% SN (10TSH&1SN). These concentrates were added in Hungate tubes with rice straw in a 50:50 ratio. Rumen fluid was collected from two rumen-fistulated crossbred Brahman steers and mixed with artificial saliva in a 1:1 ratio. Inoculums were incubated at 39 °C for 24 hours under anaerobic conditions. Gas and fluid were analyzed after incubation. The results of experiment I showed that pH was not different among the diets. However, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein (MCP), volatile fatty acids, acetate/propionate ratio, dry matter digestibility, total gas, methane, and carbon dioxide production were significantly decreased as the level of tamarind seed husk increased. The results of experiment II found that 10TSH&1SN group had the lowest NH₃-N, MCP, total gas, methane and carbon dioxide production. The pH, total SCFA, and A/P ratio did not differ among all diets. In conclusion, TSH could be used in the concentrate diet up to 15% which reducing methane production ability. Using 10% TSH in the concentrate with 1% SN could reduce methane production better than using 10% TSH or 1% SN alone.

Effects of Restricted Feeding Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance and Volatile Fatty Acids in Rumen of Crossbred Castrated Male Goats

Sanalak Sapsiri — 2025-08-28

This research aimed to study the effects of restricted feeding of a total mixed ration on growth performance and volatile fatty acids in the rumen of crossbred castrated male goats. Fifteen crossbred goats, aged 4 months with an average weight of 21.57 ± 0.55 kg, were divided into three groups: Group 1 fed ad libitum AL, Group 2 fed at 70% of AL and Group 3 fed at 40% of AL. Under a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) trial for a period of 90 days, it was found that feed intake (1,462.70 g/h/ d), body weight gain (9.55 kg), and average daily gain (0.11 kg/h/d) of goats fed ad libitum AL were significantly higher than those of goats fed 70% AL (1,012.00 g/h/d, 7.08 kg, and 0.08 kg/h/d, respectively) and 40% AL (589.90 g/h/d, 1.68 kg, and 0.02 kg/h/d, respectively). However, the feed conversion ratio of goats fed ad libitum (AL) was not significantly different from those fed 70% AL (13.87 and 12.87, respectively). In addition, there was no significant difference in the pH of the rumen fluid. Total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and the C2:C3 ratio were at suitable levels for rumen fermentation.

Effects of Feeding Patterns on Feed Intake, Nutrient Utilization and Volatile Fatty Acids in the Rumen of Crossbred Meat Goat

Katekanok Boonrord — 2025-08-28

The objectives of this research were to study the effects of feeding patterns on feed intake, nutrient utilization, and volatile fatty acids in the rumen of crossbred meat goat. Twenty male crossbred meat goats with an average initial body weight of 19.59±0.98 kg and age 3-4 months were used. The experimental design was an independent T-test conducted over a period of 90 days. The goad were divided into two groups: Group 1 was fed a TMR with a protein level of 16 percent, while Group 2 was fed a concentrate with the same protein level of 16 percent and fed Napier Pak Chong 1 grass ad libitum. The results showed that feed intake (CP, EE and Ash) and nutrient digestibility (OM, CP, EE, Ash, CF, NDF and ADF) of goats fed the TMR diets were significantly higher than those fed the separated diet (P<0.05). However, the feeding pattern had no effect on the volatile fatty acids in the rumen, which remained within the normal range of 42.61-54.08 mmol/L (P>0.05). In conclusion, feeding patterns affect feed intake and nutrient utilization but do not influence the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen.

Sex Identification of Beautiful Birds from Feathers by PCR Method

Umaporn Khimmakthong — 2025-08-28

PCR is an accurate and effective method for sex identification of young birds. However, extracting DNA from birds' blood samples can cause stress and injury to the birds. Using feathers instead of blood for DNA extraction is a more convenient and safer alternative for birds. When comparing DNA extraction from blood and chicken feathers, DNA from feathers was found to be as effective as that from blood in amplifying DNA using PCR. Sex identification was performed by extracting DNA from their feathers and used two pairs of primers, P2-P8 and 2550F-2718R, specific to the CHD gene in birds, with the 18s rRNA gene primer as a control. The results showed that the P2-P8 primer pair could only be used to identify the sexes of Sun Conure parrots. Female sun conures have a DNA band of approximately 350 base pairs corresponding to the CHD gene. The 2550F-2718R primer pair can be used to identify the sexes of both Sun Conures and Green Cheek Normal parrots. The female Sun Conure parrot has a DNA band of the CHD gene measuring approximately 650 base pairs, and the female Green Cheek Normal parrot has a DNA band of the CHD gene measuring approximately 450 base pairs.

A Model for Forecasting the Gold Bullion Selling Price in Thailand

Warangkhana Riansut — 2025-08-28

This study aims to construct models for forecasting the gold bullion selling price. The gold bullion time series, gathered from the reliable website of the Gold Traders Association from January 2012 to May 2023, contained 137 values and was divided into 2 sets. The first set, consisting of 125 values from January 2012 to May 2022, was used to construct forecasting models using the Box-Jenkins method, Holt’s exponential smoothing method, Brown’s exponential smoothing method, the damped trend exponential smoothing method, and the combined forecasting method. The second set, comprising 12 values from June 2022 to May 2023, was used to compare the forecasting models’ accuracy using the lowest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicated that the combined forecasting method using Box-Jenkins and Holt’s exponential smoothing was the most accurate, with an error of 1.44% (MAPE = 1.4391) and 537.72 baht (RMSE = 537.72).

Air Pollutant Amounts Classified by Season in the Upper Northern Region of Thailand

Sujaree Damsri — 2025-08-28

This research aimed to study and compare air pollutant amounts classified by season in the upper northern region of Thailand by collecting air pollutant data from January 2014 to December 2022 from eight Air Quality Monitoring Stations of the Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The researcher divided the data into three seasons as follows: the rainy season (May-October, 6 months), the winter season (November-February, 4 months), and the summer season (March-April, 2 months).Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the amounts of air pollutants. The amounts of air pollutants were compared across different seasons using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the pairwise medians were compared using the multiple comparison method with the Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of 0.05.

The results of the average monthly air pollutant amounts for 9 years between 2014-2022 have shown that the upper northern region of Thailand has the highest amounts of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns and 10 microns, and carbon monoxide gas in March. Ozone gas is highest in March-April. Nitrogen dioxide gas has the highest amounts in February and March. As for sulfur dioxide gas, the amount does not vary much each month. The air pollutants that exceed the standard value in every province include particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns and 10 microns, and ozone gas. When the seasons change, the amounts of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns and 10 microns, and ozone gas, are significantly different at the 0.05 significance level.

Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Water Circulation along the Coast of Trang Province

Nikom Onsri — 2025-08-28

Investigating marine hydrodynamics along the Andaman Sea coast poses a significant challenge due to data limitations, which hinder a precise understanding of marine larvae transport and settlement patterns. To address this gap, this study aims to simulate hydrodynamics along the coast of Trang Province, focusing on two-dimensional water circulation to support effective aquatic resource management. The simulation results indicate that coastal sea circulation patterns are primarily influenced by tides, monsoons, and runoff. During flood currents, the average current flows toward the coast to the northeast of the study area, while during ebb currents, it shifts southwest. Additionally, variations in monsoon winds significantly influence surface currents; during the southwest monsoon, the currents are notably stronger, moving toward the northeastern to eastern coastline than usual. In contrast, during the northeast monsoon, surface currents distinctly shift away from the coastline toward the southwest to south of the study area. It was also observed that the average monthly current during each monsoon period is regulated by the flow entering the Malacca Strait. Consequently, the mean current at the model ‘s open boundary uniformly flows northwest, where it colides with the downstream flow from the north of the study area. This interaction redirects the current westward. The southern region of the study area, particularly the eastern coastal area, is influenced by runoff from the Trang River and the Palian River. The current in this area exhibits a clockwise eddy current south of Koh Libong and west of Koh Sukorn.