Wichcha Journal Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University

The Study of Primary Macronutrients from the Dung and Compost of the Xylotrupes gideon

Nathanan Reabreang — 2024-12-28

This research aimed to study the plant nutrients from the Xylotrupes gideon dung by feeding different main constituent diets, such as sawdust (dung 1) and corncob (dung 2), and compost from two types of the X. gideon dung. The compost was used with effective microorganisms (EM) and an anaerobic fermentation process. The macronutrients of plants, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were analyzed. It was found that the dung 1 and the dung 2 showed a quantity of nitrogen lower than the criteria set by the department of agriculture (not less than 1.00% by weight) with 0.22 and 0.46 percent, respectively. Moreover, the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient content of the dung 2 were higher than the dung 1, while the potassium nutrient content was similar, 0.97%by weight (%wt) for the dung 1 and 0.94 %wt for the dung 2. Owing to the different mineral compositions of the sawdust and corncob used to feed the X, Gideon, the corncob had a higher nitrogen and potassium content than the sawdust. For the analysis of plant essential nutrients in both compost formulations such as formula 1 and formula 2, it was found that compost formula 1 showed a nitrogen content of 1.45% and potassium content of 1.18%, which was higher than that of dung 1, dung 2, and fertilizer formula 2. The phosphorus content of formula 1 was 1.10% and formula 2 was 1.15%, which means that both compost formulas contained similar amounts of phosphorus. In this research, it can be seen that the compost contained a high number of essential macronutrients for plants when compared to other composts extensively used in agriculture. Therefore, the X. Gideon dung was a type of dung that was useful and suitable for use as compost for further agricultural purposes.

Foraging Behavior of Shorebirds and the Density of Polychaetes at Koh Sarai, Koh Sarai Sub-district, Satun Province

Thongchai Jodnog — 2024-12-28

The coastal area of Satun province was the important food resource for many shorebirds though there was a lack of studies on its behavioral ecology. The purpose of this research was to study the foraging behavior of shorebirds and the density of polychaetes, the main food of shorebirds. Data of shorebirds were collected from 3 stations and 6 survey points; the polychaetes samples, environmental data and soil samples were collected from the 6 survey points with 3 replications in each point. Sampling was carried out 3 times in February, May, and August 2022 at the coastal area of Koh Sarai, Satun province. 12 species from 3 families were found in which the most prominent family was the Ardeidae. The foraging behavior patterns of each family of shorebirds differ according to their morphology and foraging sources. A total of 33 large benthic families in the class Polychaeta were found, Oweniidae and Syllidae were the dominant families. The highest density of polychaetes occurred in August and the lowest density was in February. The polychaetes density was significantly positively correlated to organic matter and soil organic carbon (r = 0.76, p < 0.05). The correlation between bird foraging rate and the density of polychaetes was not significantly related (r = 0.27, p > 0.05) since the predominant family found was Ardeidae in which it does not feed mainly on the polychaetes. However, the foraging rate of the Charadriidae and Scolopacidae tended to be positively correlated with the density of the polychaetes. Some environmental factors in the habitat which were related to the density of the polychaetes may affect the habitat use of the shorebirds.

The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Dyeing Extracted Dye from Cocoa Husk onto Cotton Fabric

Onjira Jiamsakul — 2024-12-28

The kinetics and thermodynamics of extracted cocoa husk (ECH) dyeing onto cotton fabric were investigated using aluminum ion (Al³⁺) as a mordant by the meta-mordanting method. Cocoa husk was extracted using water extraction and freeze-drying yielding brown powder. It was shown that the adsorption of ECH onto cotton fabric could be described by a pseudo second-order model indicated that the adsorption process was controlled by chemisorption. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The negative values of Gibbs free energy (∆G°) obtained indicating that the process of adsorption of ECH onto cotton fabric was spontaneous. The enthalpy of formation (∆H°) and the entropy of formation (∆S°) were positive, indicating that they were an endothermic reaction and more disorder of adsorption process, respectively.

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory of Essential Oil from Pomelo Peel

Thanakon Dumsud — 2024-12-28

The purpose of this research was to study the initial chemical activity, total phenolic content, total tannin content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of pomelo peel essential oil from green and white peel by steam extraction. It was found that green pomelo peel contained the highest essential oil content at 30 min. Antioxidant of essential oils by DPPH radical scavenging method and tyrosinase inhibition activity by Dopachrome method. Flobatannin, total phenolic, total tannin, and flavonoid content were 155.62±0.05 mg GAE/g, 162.47±0.03 mg TAE/g and 144.82±0.05 mg QE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging method showed the highest antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 13.42±0.06 mg/ml. The extract showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity with EC50 of 12.58±0.04 mg/ml.

The Adsorption of Malachite Green Dye Using Biochar from Bagasse

Supat Buddee — 2024-12-28

The purpose of this research was to prepare and characterize biochar from sugarcane bagasse, a community waste material. The prepared biochar sugarcane bagasse was applied as an absorbent material for Malachite Green dye (MG) treatment in wastewater by adsorption. Biochar from bagasse was prepared by burning bagasse powder in an anaerobic state at 450 °C for 3 h. The morphology of the biochar sorbents from bagasse was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The functional groups were studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Biochar from the prepared bagasse was applied as an adsorbent to remove malachite green dye from wastewater. The effects to be studied are the amount of adsorbent, dye concentration, adsorption period, and acid-base conditions (pH). The results showed that, using the SEM technique, the surface characteristics of biochar from bagasse were rough and higher porosity than normal bagasse. Confirmation of main functional groups by the FT-IR technique. Biochar from the prepared bagasse was applied as an adsorbent to remove malachite green dye from wastewater. As a result of malachite green dye adsorption, it was found that when the amount of adsorbent and the pH value increased, the dye adsorption efficiency increased, while increasing the dye concentration resulted in a decrease in the dye adsorption efficiency. Biochar from bagasse has a dye adsorption efficiency (97.11%) higher than regular bagasse (94.96%). In addition, the results of the reuse test showed that biochar from bagasse could be reused more than five times with a dye adsorption efficiency higher than 80.00%. This research can be used as a guideline for waste material modification. In agriculture, it can be used as an adsorbent material for wastewater treatment.

Antioxidant Activities of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria

Wanwisa Boonkla — 2024-12-28

This research aimed to study the antioxidant activities of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., known as fingerroot, fermented with probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Ten strains of lactic acid bacteria including Lactobacillus pentosus JM085, L. pentosus JM0812, L. pentosus UM055, L. pentosus UM054, L. pentosus YM122, L. pentosus VM096, L. pentosus DM068, L. pentosus VM095, Enterococcus faecalis YM126, and L. lactis A7 were used as starter culture for B. rotunda (L.) Mansf. Fermentation was at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The results showed that the antioxidant activities depended on strains and fermentation time. The antioxidant capacity of fermented B. rotunda extract increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) when fermentation time increased, using DPPH radical-scavenging assay (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The strongest DPPH scavenging capacity was observed in the sample fermented with L. pentosus DM068 at 72 hours (83.42±1.30 µg TE/ml), while FRAP reported in L. pentosus VM095, at 72 hours (295.82±2.15 µg Fe(II)/ml). In conclusion, probiotic lactic acid bacteria fermentation increased the antioxidant activities of B. rotunda extract. Applying the fermentation process for value addition in the food and pharmaceutical industries might be interesting.

Study of Probiotic Properties and Functional Activities of Yeasts Isolated for Feed Supplement

Kanidta Niwasabutra — 2024-12-28

Eighteen isolated yeasts from rice and natural sources are characterized as probiotics. All strains, at 37°C, lack hemolysis and withstand simulated gastrointestinal conditions and bile salts. Strains were identified as Meyerozyma caribbica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia kudriavzevii, Starmerella sorbosivorans, Kodamaea ohmeri, Ambrosiozyma kamigamensis, and Metschnikowia koreensis. Strong adherence to intestinal cells was noted, plus sensitivity to certain antifungals, confirming safety. Notably, M. caribbica TISTR 6026 and M. koreensis TISTR 6044 demonstrated xylanase activity. Also, M. caribbica TISTR 6017, S. cerevisiae TISTR 5104, TISTR 5328, and P. kudriavzevii TISTR 6028 exhibited antimicrobial action against pathogens. These four strains showed immunomodulatory potential, impacting phagocytosis, nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6. These findings underscore their promise as versatile probiotics for immunomodulation and addressing pathogens, showcasing their broad potential.

Growth of Peristrophe roxburghiana Plants under Different Growing Systems

Anan Piriyaphattarakit — 2024-12-28

This research aimed to study the growth proper cultivation system of Peristrophe roxburghiana at Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Khlong Ha Sub-district, Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) trial was conducted planned, consisting of 3 treatments with five replications, namely, an outdoor system, a shaded net system, and hydroponic cultivation systems. When studying the growth, it was found that P. roxburghiana plants grown under various planting systems were 30 and 60 days after transplanting. There was no difference in growth in canopy width. However, P. roxburghiana plants grown in a hydroponic cultivation system had the highest average plant height, followed by the outdoor and shaded net systems. In addition, plantings in the outdoor system had the highest number of shoots per plant, followed by the shaded net system, and hydroponic cultivation systems, respectively. The edges of the leaves have a wrapped appearance and roll a little. In addition, the number of leaves per plant in outdoor planting areas was higher than in other planting systems. In hydroponic cultivation systems, the leaves are no different in size. Therefore, P. roxburghiana planting in the outdoor system is the most appropriate.

Meiofauna Community from Pak Bang Na Thab Beach to Ban Bo Chon Beach, Songkhla Province

Narasak Tummasan — 2024-12-28

The study of meiofauna from Pak Bang Na Thap Beach to Ban Bo Chon Beach, Songkhla Province, aimed to study the diversity, density, and relationship between meiofauna and environmental factors. The samples were collected at the four stations during May, July, and September 2022. A total of 22 taxa from 8 phyla of meiofauna were found. Nematoda was the dominant group, showing the most diverse and the highest density ranging from 2-90 individuals (ind) per 10 cm², followed by Foraminifera (2-57 ind/10 cm²), and Polychaeta (1-51 ind/10 cm²), respectively. In this study, the highest diversity and density of meiofauna were found in station 1 (Pak Bang Na Thap Beach) (91.04±24.55 ind/10 cm²), while the lowest diversity and density were found in station 3 (Wang Ngu Beach) (30.81±18.61 ind/10 cm²). Environmental factors closely related to the distribution of meiofauna were the percentages of organic matter and the water temperature. However, each meiofauna taxa had a different relationship to environmental factors. When assessing environmental quality using the density proportion of nematode and copepod (N:C), station 2 (Suan Kong Beach) showed an environmental degradation, whereas the other sites still had the favorable environment.

A Comparison of Digestion Methods on Evaluation Analytical Performance Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil and Vegetables: A Case Study in Nam Suay Subdistrict, Mueang Loei District, Loei Province

Napatsorn Wongpriaw — 2024-12-30

The study aims to analyze the content of three heavy metals in soils and Brassica rapa L. Six digestion methods, including method-1; prepared the samples; digestion with nitric acid, method-2; digestion with nitric acid in overnight, method-3; digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, method-4; digestion with nitric acid and perchloric acid, method-5; digestion with sulfuric acid and method-6; dry ash. Heavy metal contents such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrostometry (GF-AAS). The results revealed that the concentration ranges of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in B. rapa L. were ND-0.03±0.02, 0.07±0.02-0.12±0.04, and ND-0.02±0.03 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg), respectively. The soil samples found heavy metal contents in the ranges of ND-0.15±0.03, 18.75±0.36-20.21±0.15, and ND-2.04±0.03 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation of six digestion methods of B. rapa L. on the analytical performance of heavy metals, including cadmium, lead, and arsenic, showed a linearity range of r² ≥ 0.995. The comparison of six digestion methods found the best preparation sample in removing the matrix, and the efficiency of analysis of heavy metal showed in method-6 as dry ash at 480 °C for 4 hours. The recovery percentages for cadmium, lead, and arsenic were found in the 99.77-90.17% range. Limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 0.0027-0.0519 and 0.0090-0.0519. In addition, the sample preparation of method-1; prepared the samples; digestion with nitric acid and method-3; digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide were also acceptable. The substances were inexpensive, easy, and fast to analyze. The recovery percentage, LOD, and LOQ were 85.75-80.12, 0.0497-0.0029, and 0.1656-0.0097, respectively. The transfer factor of heavy metal from soil to vegetables has been found to have decreased. The contamination of heavy metals was less than that of the World Health Organization. This indicates that it is safe for consumption.