Wichcha Journal Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University

Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Pretreated Spent Grounds Coffee with Cow Dung (Manure) by Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation

Prapa Sohsalam, Thuntidee Charoenthanaphat, Ratchapol Pawongrat — Fri, 08 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to investigate the biogas production from co-digestion of pretreated spent ground coffee and cow manure in batch and fed-batch fermentation processes at 35°C. The ratio of pretreated coffee grounds to cow manure was 4:1 representing 10% of the total solids solid material. The experimental results of the batch fermentation process were showed that the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) of coffee grounds with cow manure at 24:1 has maximum biogas yield of 44.50 milligram per gram volatile solids (ml/g-VS). Therefore, this optimum C:N ratio (24:1) was used for biogas production in a semi-batch fermentation process. However, when adding organic substances to the system every 2 days, which was 3 times for 15 days, the maximum biogas content was Type 1 (the maximum accumulated biogas was 38.00 ml/g-VS) and the amount of methane and carbon dioxide were 20.12% and 6.47%.

The Study of Compression Process and Mechanical Properties of Food Containers from Coconut Shell Fiber

Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research were to study the production of the food package made of coconut husk fiber and properties of the food package made of coconut husk fiber. Factors in the study were hot compression molding with two levels of temperature, 150 and 170 degrees Celsius and three levels of time required in the hot compression molding process, namely, 4, 6, and 8 minutes at 1,000-2,000 pound-force per square inch. Mechanical properties were measured, which included the maximum average compressive strength of the top view, the maximum average compressive strength of the side view, the maximum average tensile strength, and water absorption. The test results indicated that the maximum average compressive strength of the top view and side view was 1.90 and 2.58 mega Pascal (MPa) at 150 degrees Celsius. The time required for the hot compression molding was 8 minutes, and the maximum tensile strength of the was 2.48 MPa at 150 degrees Celsius. The time required for the hot compression molding was 8 minutes, and water absorption was 14 minutes 60 seconds at 170 degrees Celsius. The time required for the hot compression molding was 8 minutes. Therefore, the appropriate status for the hot compression molding process of the food package made of coconut husk fiber was 150 degrees Celsius for 8 minutes as the package had an overall smooth texture and was strong. Its natural color can be maintained with good mechanical properties. According to the survey on satisfaction with the food package made of coconut husk fiber, it was found that the mean satisfaction score was 3.19, at a moderate level.

The Effects of Container Wall Friction on the Vertical Vibrating Convection Pattern for Granular Materials

Panupat Chaiworn, Suparat Hankwang, Vilaiporn Luksameevanish, Pensri Pramukkul — Tue, 26 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The research aimed to study the effects of container wall friction on the vertical vibrating convection pattern for granular materials. The both cylindrical particles of sizes used were diameter 6 millimeters (mm), length 6 centimeters (cm), at 460 particles and diameter 12 mm, length 6 cm, at 115 particles, respectively, which were randomly and layered placed inside rectangular containers with different wall friction such as acrylic, foil, velvet, and No. 400 sandpaper. The granular materials were vertically vibrated with the amplitude of 5 mm, the frequency of 12.21 Hertz (Hz) and dimensionless acceleration of 3. The results revealed that the granular materials were on granular media. After that the granular materials slowly moved to the side, center and top of the containers again. The movement in one cycle is called “convection”. The materials on the left moved sideways in anticlockwise direction and those on the right moved sideways in the clockwise direction. In case of friction coefficient between granular materials and wall being 0.790 and 0.825, the granular materials could move fast causing kinetic energy. When the friction coefficient between granular materials and wall is 0.376 and 0.432, the materials would move to the side and were unable to move to the center. Their movement was static, or they hardly moved due to low friction coefficient between granular materials and wall, making the materials moved slowly and yielding low kinetic energy.

The Study of In vitro Phagocytic Activity of Soybean Meal Fermented with Bacillus subtilis TISTR 2664

Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to investigate the components and activity of bioactive peptides derived from Bacillus subtilis TISTR 2664 fermentation of soybean meal to stimulate phagocytosis. Soybean meal obtained from a soybean oil factory was used as a raw material for fermentation. It contained 44.65% protein, 1.28% oil, 5.54% dietary fiber, 12.08% moisture and 6.40% ash. When fermented with B. subtilis TISTR2664 and examined by SDS-PAGE, most of the protein size remained in the range of 5-29 kilo Dalton (kDa). The 8,981 types of peptides in the fermented soybean meal were investigated by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Ten biologically active peptides having the following properties were predicted: anticancer, antifungal, antihypertensive antimicrobial antiparasitic anti-inflammatory antivirus cell communication, drug delivery, and tumor homing. Interestingly, the peptides with antihypertensive properties were found in the highest amounts. The results of this prediction will be useful for planning for further laboratory trials of the peptide derived from fermented soybean meal to lead to its utilization. A preliminary laboratory investigation into the toxicity of fermented soybean meal on RAW264.7 mouse macrophages was performed using the MTT assay. No cytotoxicity was observed at less than or equal to 25 milligrams per milliliters (mg/ml), with more than 70% viability of RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, sample concentrations ranging from 3.13 to 25 mg/ml were investigated. The results showed that at a 12.5% concentration, the highest phagocytic activity was induced at 93.27±0.50%, which was significantly higher than that of the positive control (p < 0.01). Nitric oxide production at 48.53±0.35 micromolar (µM) was non-significantly different from the positive control at all tested sample concentrations. The result of this study can be used as a guideline for fermented soybean meal research in immune stimulation for further development as a health supplement or as an added economic value.

The Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Zing Accumulation in Sunflower Sprouts

Anan Piriyaphattarakit, Ponkamon Ruploet, Punyaphat Pholphim, Patcharee Dechlay — Fri, 08 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The study of zinc supplementation aimed to investigate effects of sunflower seedlings growth and yield. The experiment was in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications and 5 treatments, The treatments consisted of non-zinc applied (Treatment 1; Control), 2.5 gram (g) (Treatment 2), 5.0 g (Treatment 3), 7.5 g (Treatment 4) and 10.0 g (Treatment 5) in 20-liter water. The data were collected on seed germination rate and yield of 14 days old sunflower seedlings and zinc accumulation. The results showed that the higher rates of zinc supplementation could increase the yield of sunflower seedlings. Non-zinc sunflower seedlings (control) had the highest germination rate and yield fresh weight. From the Zn analysis in sunflower seedlings, the zinc concentration of 2.5 g had the highest zinc accumulation of 465 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), followed by zinc concentrations at 5.0 g, 7.5 g and 10.0 g were 393, 387 and 272 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed a positive correlation between yield and zinc accumulation in sunflower seedlings. Then, the zinc concentration of 2.5 g was good at the optimum rate for the growth, improving yield and zinc accumulation in sunflower seedlings, which is an alternative way to increase the amount of zinc in plants for the health benefits of consumers.

Efficiency of Selected Bacteria on Bioremediation of Mercury in Soil

Sumalee Baipluthong, Sasitorn Hasin, Ananya Popradit, Apichaya Sawasdee — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

This research was studied the efficiency study of selective microbes to reduce mercury contaminated in soil. This research was examined the physical and chemical properties in the soil and investigated the efficiency of mercury reduction in soil. The experimental design was varied the concentration of mercury rates within 15 days. Soil samples were investigated by gas chromatography (GC) technique and calculated the efficiency of mercury reduction. The results showed that soil properties were as silty in texture and 18 grams per kilograms (g/kg) of organic matter that medium level. Soil pH was 6.56 that weak acid. Regarding mercury contamination reduction, 5 g of selective microbes and 120 milligrams per kilograms (mg/kg) of mercury concentration was found the greatest removal efficiency of mercury at 43.07%. Followed by 5 grams of selective microbes with 240 mg/kg of mercury concentration, could remove an efficiency of mercury at 42.13% of mercury, respectively. Therefore, this research can lead to the management of areas with mercury residues, including reducing heavy metal contamination in the food chain.

Development of Alternative Milk from Parah Seed (Elateriospermum tapos)

Tue, 26 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this study were to develop an appropriate formulation for an alternative milk or plant-based milk product made from Parah seeds (Elateriospermum tapos) and to investigate the quality and nutritional values of the pasteurized Parah seed milk product. Parah seed milk was prepared by mixing Parah seeds and water in the ratio of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 (weight per volume: w/v) with the sugar content of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 8%. The selected formulation of Parah seed milk was tested using a 9-point hedonic scale. The results showed that the most accepted formula was a 1:3 (w/v) ratio of Parah seed and water with a sugar content of 3%. This formulation had an L* value of 86.42±0.12, a viscosity of 10.82±0.18 centipoints, pH of 6.32±0.08 and total cyanide content of 2.61±0.03 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg). After pasteurization, the contamination of the Parah seed milk with pathogenic bacteria and the total visible count were assessed within the benchmark. In addition, essential fatty acids consisting of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids were found in the Parah seed milk. These results showed that plant-based milk from Parah seed, a native plant of Nakhon Si Thammarat province, has the potential to be developed as a healthy alternative plant-based milk product.

The Study of the Appropriate Ratio between Substitute Materials and Adhesives for Molding with Pre-Made Molds, and Some Physical Properties of Pots Made from Substitute Materials

Fri, 08 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The purpose of this research is to study the appropriate proportion of substitute materials and adhesives for molding with pre-made molds, some physical properties of pots made from substitute materials, and user satisfaction with pots made from substitute materials. The study was conducted in 6 stages, following the steps of STEM education project approaches. The study examined 5 sets of experimental samples made from substitute materials, including chicken bones, chicken eggshells, and the adhesive which is cement glue. The physical properties studied included strength, water absorption, swelling, and heat absorption. The study also used a questionnaire to assess user satisfaction with pots made from substitute materials. The results showed that there is an appropriate ratio between substitute materials and cement glue for molding with pre-made molds, allowing the production of pots in all 5 experimental sets. The physical properties of pots made from substitute materials varied across experimental sets, with strength being normal in sets 1, 3, 4, and 5, but set 2 had 3 cracks; the best water absorption was found in set 2 at 27.14%, the best swelling was found in sets 1, 2, 3, and 5 at 6.25%, and the least heat absorption was found in set 3 at 21.29%. Therefore, experimental set 3 was found to be the most suitable for use as a plant pot due to its strength, low heat absorption, and good swelling properties. It is suitable for the growth of plants and could be marketed as a souvenir product due to the high user satisfaction rating towards pots made from substitute materials with excellent overall quality.

Growth and Seed Quality Responses of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. var. Chiang Mai 60) in Full Bloom Stage Sprayed with Calcium Chloride under Water Deficit

Saowalak Banthoengsuk, Waraluk Boonmachai — Fri, 08 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this study was to study growth and seed quality responses of soybean var. Chiang Mai 60 at full bloom stage sprayed by calcium chloride (CaCl₂) with different concentrations (0, 20, 40 or 60 millimolar (mM)) under water deficit for 7 days in the greenhouse of Chiang Mai Seed Research and Development Center, Nong Han, San Sai, Chiang Mai province. The result showed that spraying CaCl₂ under water deficit had no effect on the plant height, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, weight per 100 seeds, total seed weight, seed germination rate, hard seed percentage, dead seed percentage, germination index, seed moisture content, protein content, and lipid content. However, the soybean sprayed with 60 mM CaCl₂ showed the greatest seed width and length. In addition, the abnormal germination rate was increased when it was not supplemented with CaCl₂ (0 mM).

Using the RD 43 Rice Flour to Replace Wheat Flour in Cookies

Namfon Chupool, Rungtip Rattanapon, Jintana Charoennatkul — Tue, 26 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to investigate the effect of wheat flour substitution with RD 43 rice on the characteristics and sensory properties of cookies. RD 43 rice flour was substituted in the cookie formula at the quantity levels of 0, 25, 30, 35 and 40% by weight of wheat flour. The results found that the increased content of RD 43 rice flour significantly increased lightness (L*) whereas yellowness (a*) and redness (b*) decreased. Additionally, the hardness significantly decreased according to substitution levels of rice flour (p < 0.05). The water activity (a_w) of rice flour cookies substituted with RD 43 showed no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) with the values in the range of 0.42-0.43 and moisture content of 2.37% in contrast to the controlled formula. The sensory evaluation form based on 9-point hedonic scales done by 30 untrained panelists found that the substitution of wheat flour by 30% of RD 43 rice flour in making cookies had higher preferred scores for color, odor, taste, texture, and had the higher overall preferred score at a strongly preferred level than the cookies samples that substituted with RD 43 rice flour at other ratios.