Effect of Exposure to Sub-Lethal Potassium Cyanide on Growth Rate, Survival Rate, and Histopathology in Juvenile Heteroclarias (Heterobranchus longifilis x Clarias gariepinus)
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Published:
Mar 1, 2019
Keywords:
Histology Hybrid catfish Physiology Sublethal test Toxicity
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Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the toxicity of potassium cyanide (KCN) on juvenile Heteroclarias following a 96-h static renewal bioassay. Test specimens were acclimatized for 21 days prior to exposure; the acute toxicity (LC50) was determined to be 0.96 mg∙L-1. Fractions of LC50 (⅕, ¼, ⅓ and ½) were estimated in triplicate for sub-lethal studies in a 21-day exposure/ recovery period. Toxicity of KCN was assessed by examining the behavioural responses, growth parameters, survival rate, and histopathological alterations. Potassium cyanide induced behavioural responses such as irregular swimming activity, rapid jerk-like movement, loss of orientation, and subsequent mortality during lethal toxicity, and reduced or erratic feeding behaviour during sub-lethal exposure. Relative growth rate (RGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) were reduced during exposure, and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in daily length increase (DLI). Condition factor (K≥1) across the treatments indicated the specimens were in good condition, and this could be due to cytochrome oxidase in catfish. Survival rate was 100%. Histopathological alterations in gills included lesions, severe stunting and multiple foci of erosion of the secondary lamellae. Fatty infiltration of the hepatic parenchyma and severe necrosis in liver were also observed. During the recovery period, improvements in the affected growth parameters (RGR and SGR), and tissues (gill and liver) were observed. Incidence of sub-lethal concentration of KCN in aquatic environments may induce physiological dysfunctions as indicated by reduced growth, and gill and liver alterations in such organisms.
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Aniche, D. C., Oluwale, F. V., & Ogbolu, B. O. (2019). Effect of Exposure to Sub-Lethal Potassium Cyanide on Growth Rate, Survival Rate, and Histopathology in Juvenile Heteroclarias (Heterobranchus longifilis x Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 43(1), 1–10. Retrieved from https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JFE/article/view/136232
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References
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26. Sadati, F., D. Shahsavani and H. Baghshani. 2013. Biochemical alterations induced by sublethal cyanide exposure in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 7(20), 65-69.
27. Solomon, S.G., V.T. Okomoda and L. Ochai. 2013. Growth responses of pure bred Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias gariepinus and their intergeneric crosses fed commercial diet. Banat’s Journal of Biotechnology IV(8): 71-72.
28. Surleva, A., R. Gradinaru. and G. Drochioiu. 2012. Cyanide poisoning: from physiology to forensic analytical chemistry. International Journal of Criminal Investigation 2(2): 79-101.
29. Velmurugan, B., T. Mathews and E.I. Cengiz. 2009. Histopathological effects of cypermethrin on gill, liver and kidney of fresh water fish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), and recovery after exposure. Environmental Technology 30(13): 1453.
30. Yisa, M. and S.O. Olufeagba. 2005. An exposition on field identification of clariid catfishes as an important tool in fish breeding and genetics. In: Araoye, P.A. (ed.). Proc. of the 19th Annual conference held at Ilorin on 29th Nov-3rd December 2004. pp. 185-192.
2. Afia, O.E. and C.O. Ofor. 2006. Haematological indices of the Clarias gariepinus X Heterobranchus longifilis (hybrid catfish - Heteroclarias) reared at different feeding levels. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 12(3):6-11.
3. Akinsiku, O.T., F.K, Agboola, A. Kuku and A. Afolayan. 2010. Physicochemical and kinetic characteristics of rhodanese from the liver of African catfish Clarias gariepinus Burchell in Asejire Lake. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 36(3): 573-86.
4. Al-Ghanim, K.A. and S. Mahboob. 2012. Effect of sodium cyanide on the activities of some oxidative enzymes and metabolites in Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(41): 9849-9854.
5. Authman, M.M.N., W.T. Abbas, I.M.K. Abumourad and A.M. Kenawy. 2013. Effects of illegal cyanide fishing on vitellogenin in the freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 91: 61–70.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2015. Cyanide. Atlanta: Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response (OPHPR). p. 2.
7. Dixon, D.G. and G. Leduc. 1981. Chronic cyanide poisoning of rainbow trout and its effects on growth, respiration, and liver histopathology. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicology 10: 117-131.
8. Dzombak, D.A., R.S. Ghosh and G.M. Wong-Chong. 2005. Cyanide in water and soil: chemistry, risk, and management. Florida: CRC Press. pp. 22-23.
9. Eisler, R. and S.N. Wiemeyer. 2004. Cyanide hazards to plants and animals from gold mining and related water issues. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology 183: 21–54.
10. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC). 2007. Cyanides of hydrogen, sodium and potassium, and acetone cyanohydrin. ECETOC Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals (JACC) programme. 1(53): 39-185.
11. Finney, D.J. 1952. Probit Analysis (2nd ed). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 78(3): 388-390.
12. Glaser, M., A. Breckwoldt, R. Deswandi, I. Radjawali, W. Baitoningsih and S.C.A. Ferse. 2015. Of exploited reefs and fishers - a holistic view on participatory coastal and marine management in an Indonesian Archipelago. Ocean and Coastal Management 116: 193- 213.
13. Gurbuza, F., H. Ciftci and A. Akcilb. 2009. Biodegradation of cyanide containing effluents by Scenedesmus obliquus. Journal of Hazardous Materials 162: 74-79.
14. Jin, S., X. Yan, H. Zhang and W. Fan. 2015. Weight-length relationships and Fulton’s condition factors of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the western and central Pacific Ocean. PeerJ 3:e758.
15. Kori-Siakpere, O., J.E.G. Ake and U.M. Avworo. 2006. Sublethal effects of cadmium on some selected haematological parameters of Heteroclarias (A hybrid of Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Zoological Research 2(1): 77-83.
16. Lugert, V., G. Thaller, J. Tetens, C. Schulz and J. Krieter. 2014. A review on fish growth calculation: multiple functions in fish production and their specific application. Reviews in Aquaculture 8: 30–42.
17. Mak, K.K.W., H. Yanase and R. Renneberg. 2005. Cyanide fishing and cyanide detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests and biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20: 2581–2593.
18. Oboh, G., A.A. Akindahunsi, and A.A. Oshodi. 2003. Dynamics of phytate-Zn balance of fungi fermented cassava products (flour and garri). Plants Foods for Human Nutrition 58: 1-7.
19. Okonji, R.E., H.A. Adewole, A. Kuku and F. K. Agboola. 2011. Physicochemical properties of Mudskipper (Periophthalmus Barbarus Pallas) liver rhodanese. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(8): 507-514.
20. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2014. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: Fish, acute toxicity test. Paris: OECD. pp. 1-6.
21. Oseni, K. 2015. Acute and sub lethal effect of potassium cyanide on the behaviour and ATPase enzyme activity in the freshwater fish, Clarias gariepinus (Catfish). International Letters of Natural Sciences 49: 50-57.
22. Panase, P. and K. Mengumphan. 2015. Growth performance, length-weight relationship and condition factor of backcross and reciprocal hybrid catfish reared in net cages. International Journal of Zoological Research 11: 57-64.
23. Pandey, G. and P. Govind. 2013. Toxicity of cyanide in fishes: an overview. Universal Journal of Pharmacy 2(2): 23-26.
24. Ramzy, E.M. 2014. Toxicity and stability of sodium cyanide in fresh water fish Nile tilapia. Water Science 28: 42–50.
25. Rejeki, S., D. Desrina, and R. A. Mulyana. 2006. Chronic effects of detergent surfactant (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate / LAS) on the growth and survival rate of sea bass (Lates calcalifer Bloch) larvae. Aquaculture Study Program, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. p. 4.
26. Sadati, F., D. Shahsavani and H. Baghshani. 2013. Biochemical alterations induced by sublethal cyanide exposure in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 7(20), 65-69.
27. Solomon, S.G., V.T. Okomoda and L. Ochai. 2013. Growth responses of pure bred Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias gariepinus and their intergeneric crosses fed commercial diet. Banat’s Journal of Biotechnology IV(8): 71-72.
28. Surleva, A., R. Gradinaru. and G. Drochioiu. 2012. Cyanide poisoning: from physiology to forensic analytical chemistry. International Journal of Criminal Investigation 2(2): 79-101.
29. Velmurugan, B., T. Mathews and E.I. Cengiz. 2009. Histopathological effects of cypermethrin on gill, liver and kidney of fresh water fish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), and recovery after exposure. Environmental Technology 30(13): 1453.
30. Yisa, M. and S.O. Olufeagba. 2005. An exposition on field identification of clariid catfishes as an important tool in fish breeding and genetics. In: Araoye, P.A. (ed.). Proc. of the 19th Annual conference held at Ilorin on 29th Nov-3rd December 2004. pp. 185-192.