Distribution and Detection of Megalocytivirus in Ornamental Fishes in Thailand
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Published:
Mar 1, 2019
Keywords:
ISKNV MCP gene Megalocytivirus Ornamental fish
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Abstract
Ornamental fishes were collected from 173 locations in nine provinces of Thailand during 2016-2018. Using real-time PCR analysis, twelve fish species of three families (Poeciliidae, Cichlidae and Osphronemidae) were found positive for Megalocytivirus, a pathogenic agent which causes a significantly high mortality in a wide range of aquatic animal hosts. A geographic information system (GIS) displayed the distribution of megalocytivirus to the northern, central and western region of Thailand. Nevertheless, one sampling province showed megalocytivirus-free status and the overall rate of virus occurrence declined by 10% during the study period. The transport and translocation of ornamental fish could be a key route for megalocytivirus introduction to the new geographical area. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the major capsid protein (MCP) confirmed that Megalocytivius in the current study belongs to members of an infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) cluster. Although most infected fish were asymptomatic, non-specific symptoms such as haemorrhages, loss of coloration on fish body and pale liver were observed without substantial mortality. Cytomegalic cells with inclusion bodies were examined. Issues associated with host molecular defense mechanism, persistent infection, and mortality risk factors will await further study.
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Baoprasertkul, P., & Kaenchan, N. (2019). Distribution and Detection of Megalocytivirus in Ornamental Fishes in Thailand. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 43(1), 11–24. Retrieved from https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JFE/article/view/149182
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References
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18. Kim, W.S., M.J. Oh, J.O. Kim, D. Kim, C.H. Jeon and J.H. Kim. 2010. Detection of megalocytivirus from imported tropical ornamental fish, paradise fish Macropodus opercularis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 90: 235-239.
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20. Kurita, J., K. Nakajima, I. Hirono and T. Aoki. 1998. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). Fish Pathology 33: 17−23.
21. Lancester, M.J., M.M. Williamson and C.J. Schroen. 2003. Iridovirus-associated mortality in farmed Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii). Australian Veterinary Journal 81: 633-634.
22. Larsen, R., T.P. Røkenes and B. Robertsen. 2004. Inhibition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus replication by Atlantic salmon Mx1 protein. Journal of Virology 78: 7938-7944.
23. Mohr, P.G., N.J.G. Moody, L.M. Williams, J. Hoad, D.M. Cummins, K.R. Davies and M.St.J. Crane. 2015. Molecular confirmation of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in farmed and imported ornamental fish in Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 116: 103-110.
24. Nolan, D., F. Stephens, M. Crockford, J.B. Jones and M. Snow. 2015. Detection and characterization of viruses of the genus Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish imported into an Australian border quarantine premises an emerging risk to national biosecurity. Journal of Fish Diseases 38: 187−195.
25. Oh, S.Y., W.S. Kim, M.J. Oh and T. Nishizawa. 2016. Multiplication rates of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus at different fish rearing temperature. Fish Pathology 51: 194-198
26. OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). 2018. Aquatic animal health code. www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/aquatic-code/accessonline/. Cited 15 Sept 2018.
27. Paperna, I., M. Vilenkin and A.P. de Matos. 2001. Iridovirus infections in farm-reared tropical ornamental fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 48: 17–25.
28. Reyes-Cerpa, S., F. Reyes-López, D. Toro-Ascuy, R. Montero, K. Maisey, C. Acuňa-Castillo, J.O. Sunyer, D. Parra, A.M. Sandino and M. Imarai. 2014. Induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression by IPNV in persistent infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 41: 172-182.
29. Rimmer, A.E., J.A. Becker, A. Tweedie and R.J. Whittington. 2012. Development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the detection of dwarf gourami iridoviruses (DGIV) and other megalocytiviruses and comparison with the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) reference protocol. Aquaculture 358-359: 155−163.
30. Rodger, H. D., M. Kobs, A. Macartney and G.N. Frerichs. 1997. Systemic iridovirus infection in freshwater angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein). Journal of Fish Diseases 20: 69–72.
31. Song, J.Y., S.I. Kitamura, S.J. Jung, T. Miyadai, S. Tanaka, Y. Fuguda, S.R. Kim and M.J. Oh. 2008. Genetic variation and geographic distribution of megalocytiviruses3. The Journal of Microbiology 46: 29-33.
32. Subramaniam, K., M. Shariff, A.R. Omar, M. Hair-Bejo and B.L. Ong. 2014. Detection and molecular characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus from major ornamental fish breeding states in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Fish Diseases 37: 609-618.
33. Tamura, K., D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei and S. Kumar. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distances and maximum parsimony methods Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731-2739.
34. Waltzek, T.B., G.B. Marty, M.E. Alfaro, W.R. Bennett, K.A. Garver, M. Haulena, E.S.3rd Weber and R.P. Hedrick. 2012. Systemic iridovirus from three spine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus represents a new megalocytivirus species (family Iridoviridae). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 98: 41-56.
35. Wang, Y.Q., L. Lü, S.P. Weng, J.N. Huang, S.M. Chan and J.G. He. 2007. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of a marine fish infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus like (ISKNV-like) virus. Archieves Virology 152: 763–773.
36. Whittington, R.J. and R. Chong. 2007. Global trade in ornamental fish from an Australian perspective: the case for revised import risk analysis and management strategies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 81: 92–116.
2. DAWR (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources). 2014. Biosecurity Advice 2014/11-Quarantine policy for freshwater ornamental finfish from approved countries.https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/risk-analysis/animal/ornamental-finfish/quarantine-policy-freshwater-ornamental-finfish-approved-countries. Cited 10 Sept 2018.
3. Fraser, W.A., T.J. Keefe and B. Bolon. 1993. Isolation of an iridovirus from farm-raised gouramis (Trichogaster trichopterus) with fatal disease. Journal of Veterinarian Diagnostic Investigation 5: 250–253.
4. Gias, E., C. Johnston, S. Keeling, R.P. Spence and W.L. McDonald. 2011. Development of real-time PCR assays for detection of megalocytiviruses in imported ornamental fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 34: 609−618.
5. Gibson-Kueh, S., P. Netto, G.H. Ngoh-Lim, S.F. Chang, L.L. Ho, Q.W. Qin, F.H. Chua, M.L. Ng and H.W. Ferguson. 2003. The pathology of systemic iridoviral disease in fish. Journal of Comparative Patholology 129: 111–119.
6. Go, J., M. Lancaster, K. Deece, O. Dhungyel and R. Whittington. 2006. The molecular epidemiology of iridovirus in Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) and dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia) from distant biogeographical regions suggests a link between trade in ornamental fish and emerging iridoviral diseases. Molecular and Cellular Probes 20: 212–222.
7. Go, J. and R. Whittington. 2006. Experimental transmission and virulence of a megalocytivirus (Family Iridoviridae) of dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia) from Asia in Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) in Australia. Aquaculture 258: 140–149.
8. Hill, B.J. and K. Way. 1995. Serological classification of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus and other aqautic Birnaviruses. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 5: 55-77.
9. Humason, G.L. 1979. Animal Tissue Techniques. 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 661pp.
10. Inouye, K., K. Yamano, Y. Maeno, K. Nakajima, M. Matsuoka, Y. Wada and M. Sorimachi. 1992. Iridovirus infection of cultured red sea bream, Pagrus major. Fish Pathology 27: 19–27.
11. Imajoh, M., T. Hirayama and S.I. Oshima. 2005. Frequent occurrence of apoptosis is not associated with pathogenic infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) during persistent infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 18: 163-177.
12. Jeong, J.B., H.J. Cho, L.J. Jun, S.H. Hong, J.K. Chung and H.D. Jeong. 2008a. Transmission of iridovirus from freshwater ornamental fish (pearl gourami) to marine fish (rock bream). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 82: 27–36.
13. Jeong, J.B., H.Y. Kim, L.J. Jun, J.H. Lyu, N.G. Park, J.K. Kim and H.D. Jeong. 2008b. Outbreaks and risks of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus disease in freshwater ornamental fishes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 78: 209–215.
14. Jeong, J.B., L.J. Jun, K.H. Park, K.H. Kim, J.-K Chung, J.L. Komisar and H.D. Jeong. 2006. Asymptomatic iridovirus infection in various marine fishes detected by a 2-step PCR method. Aquaculture 255: 30–38.
15. Jung, M.H., N. Chamilani, T.N. Vinay, J. Lee and S.J. Jung. 2017. Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) replication in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) exposed for different time periods to susceptible water temperatures. Fish Shellfish Immunology 70: 731-735.
16. Jung-Schroers, V., M. Adamek, P. Wohlsein, J. Wolter, H. Wedekind and D. Steinhagen. 2016. First outbreak of an infection with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in ornamental fish in Germany. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 119: 239-244.
17. Julin, K., L.H. Johansen, A.I. Sommer and J.B. Jørgensen. 2015. Persistent infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) of different virulence in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 38: 1005-1019.
18. Kim, W.S., M.J. Oh, J.O. Kim, D. Kim, C.H. Jeon and J.H. Kim. 2010. Detection of megalocytivirus from imported tropical ornamental fish, paradise fish Macropodus opercularis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 90: 235-239.
19. Kurita, J. and J. Nakajima. 2012. Megalocytiviruses. Viruses 4: 521-538.
20. Kurita, J., K. Nakajima, I. Hirono and T. Aoki. 1998. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). Fish Pathology 33: 17−23.
21. Lancester, M.J., M.M. Williamson and C.J. Schroen. 2003. Iridovirus-associated mortality in farmed Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii). Australian Veterinary Journal 81: 633-634.
22. Larsen, R., T.P. Røkenes and B. Robertsen. 2004. Inhibition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus replication by Atlantic salmon Mx1 protein. Journal of Virology 78: 7938-7944.
23. Mohr, P.G., N.J.G. Moody, L.M. Williams, J. Hoad, D.M. Cummins, K.R. Davies and M.St.J. Crane. 2015. Molecular confirmation of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in farmed and imported ornamental fish in Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 116: 103-110.
24. Nolan, D., F. Stephens, M. Crockford, J.B. Jones and M. Snow. 2015. Detection and characterization of viruses of the genus Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish imported into an Australian border quarantine premises an emerging risk to national biosecurity. Journal of Fish Diseases 38: 187−195.
25. Oh, S.Y., W.S. Kim, M.J. Oh and T. Nishizawa. 2016. Multiplication rates of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus at different fish rearing temperature. Fish Pathology 51: 194-198
26. OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). 2018. Aquatic animal health code. www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/aquatic-code/accessonline/. Cited 15 Sept 2018.
27. Paperna, I., M. Vilenkin and A.P. de Matos. 2001. Iridovirus infections in farm-reared tropical ornamental fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 48: 17–25.
28. Reyes-Cerpa, S., F. Reyes-López, D. Toro-Ascuy, R. Montero, K. Maisey, C. Acuňa-Castillo, J.O. Sunyer, D. Parra, A.M. Sandino and M. Imarai. 2014. Induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression by IPNV in persistent infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 41: 172-182.
29. Rimmer, A.E., J.A. Becker, A. Tweedie and R.J. Whittington. 2012. Development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the detection of dwarf gourami iridoviruses (DGIV) and other megalocytiviruses and comparison with the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) reference protocol. Aquaculture 358-359: 155−163.
30. Rodger, H. D., M. Kobs, A. Macartney and G.N. Frerichs. 1997. Systemic iridovirus infection in freshwater angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein). Journal of Fish Diseases 20: 69–72.
31. Song, J.Y., S.I. Kitamura, S.J. Jung, T. Miyadai, S. Tanaka, Y. Fuguda, S.R. Kim and M.J. Oh. 2008. Genetic variation and geographic distribution of megalocytiviruses3. The Journal of Microbiology 46: 29-33.
32. Subramaniam, K., M. Shariff, A.R. Omar, M. Hair-Bejo and B.L. Ong. 2014. Detection and molecular characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus from major ornamental fish breeding states in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Fish Diseases 37: 609-618.
33. Tamura, K., D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei and S. Kumar. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distances and maximum parsimony methods Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731-2739.
34. Waltzek, T.B., G.B. Marty, M.E. Alfaro, W.R. Bennett, K.A. Garver, M. Haulena, E.S.3rd Weber and R.P. Hedrick. 2012. Systemic iridovirus from three spine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus represents a new megalocytivirus species (family Iridoviridae). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 98: 41-56.
35. Wang, Y.Q., L. Lü, S.P. Weng, J.N. Huang, S.M. Chan and J.G. He. 2007. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of a marine fish infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus like (ISKNV-like) virus. Archieves Virology 152: 763–773.
36. Whittington, R.J. and R. Chong. 2007. Global trade in ornamental fish from an Australian perspective: the case for revised import risk analysis and management strategies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 81: 92–116.