Effect of Physicochemical Parameters and Phytoplankton Composition on Growth Performance of Green Mussel (Perna viridis) in Ambong Bay and Marudu Bay, Sabah, Malaysia
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Published:
Mar 3, 2019
Keywords:
Bivalve Phytoplankton Sabah
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Abstract
This study was conducted to understand the effect of physicochemical parameters and phytoplankton density on the growth performance of green mussel, Perna viridis in Marudu Bay and Ambong Bay, Sabah, Malaysia. Physicochemical parameters recorded among stations were not significantly different (p>0.05), except that the river mouth station had slightly lower salinity, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen. The phytoplankton community at the river mouth station was dominated by Pleurosigma sp., Thalassionema sp. and Coscinodiscus sp., while coastal and open sea stations were dominated by Thalassionema sp., Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. Mussels cultured in the river mouth station attained the highest mean meat yield (28.67%) but also showed the highest cumulative mortality (6.48%). The favorable meat yield and condition index of the mussels cultured at the river mouth station could be due to availability of favourable food items such as Coscinodiscus sp. and Thalassionema sp. However, mussels cultured in the river mouth recorded highest cumulative mortality. In conclusion, places with higher concentration of phytoplankton especially digestible diatoms can be good sites for green mussel farming. In contrast, places which are known to have high turbidity, low salinity and low dissolved oxygen, and recurrent of harmful algal blooms should be avoided. Hence, a thorough study is necessary to identify specific areas within the bays that conform to the site selection criteria suggested in this study before a large scale green mussel farming operation can be established.
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Sing, O. F., & Ransangan, J. (2019). Effect of Physicochemical Parameters and Phytoplankton Composition on Growth Performance of Green Mussel (Perna viridis) in Ambong Bay and Marudu Bay, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 43(1), 50–68. Retrieved from https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JFE/article/view/165443
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References
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2. Andersen, P. and J. Throndsen. 2003. Estimating cell numbers. In: Manual on harmful marine microalgae (eds. G.M. Hallegraeff, G.M. Anderson and A.D. Cembella, A.D), pp. 99-129. UNESCO publishing, USA.
3. Arifin, Z. and L.I. Bendell-Young. 2001. Cost of selective feeding by the blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) as measured by respiration and ammonia excretion rates. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 260(2): 259-269
4. Artamonova, E.Y., J.B. Svenning, T. Vasskog, E. Hansen and H.C. Eilertsen. 2017. Analysis of phospholipids and neutral lipids in three common northern cold water diatoms: Coscinodiscus concinnus, Porosira glacialis, and Chaetoceros socialis, by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal Applied Phycology 29(3): 1241-1249.
5. Azman, S., W.C. Chan, R. Ismail, J. Jaafar, M.I. Mohd Said and Salmiati. 2012. Effect of land use on coastal water and Perna viridis at Johor Straits, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 3(3): 237-239.
6. Bayne, B.L., A.J.S. Hawkins and E. Navarro. 1987. Feeding and digestion by the mussel Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia: Mollusca) in mixtures of silt and algal cells at low concentration. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology 111: 1-22.
7. Celik, M.Y., S. Karayücel and I. Karayücel. 2009. Effects of environmental factors on growth and mortality of raft cultivated mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) cultivated in lantern nets in Black Sea. AACL Bioflux 2(2): 97-108.
8. Celik, M.Y., S. Karayücel, I. Karayücel, R. Öztürk and B. Eyüboğlu. 2012. Meat yield, condition index and biochemical composition of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) in Sinop, South of the Black Sea. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 21(3): 198-205.
9. Cheong, L. 1982. Country Report: Singapore. In: Bivalve culture in Asia and the Pacific (ed. F.B. Davy and M. Grirham), pp 69-71. International Development Research Centre. WWA, Canada, 91 pp.
10. Choo, S.E. and C.S. Ng. 1990. Enzyme Hydrolysis of Green Mussel (Perna viridis) to produce an Enhanced Taste Extract. Singapore Journal of Primary Industries 18: 48-53.
11. Cloern, J.E., B.E. Cole, R.L.J. Wong and A.E. Alpine. 1985. Temporal dynamics of estuarine phytoplankton: A case study San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia 129: 153-176.
12. DOF. 2015. Annual Fisheries Statistics 2008. Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
13. Farrington, J.W., A.C. Davis, B.W. Tripp, D.K. Phelps and W.B. Galloway. 1987. Mussel Watch-Measurements of chemical pollutants bivalves as one indicator of coastal environmental quality. In: New Approaches to Monitoring Aquatic Ecosystem (ed. T.P. Boyle), pp 125-139. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA.
14. Fisher, T.R., L.W. Harding, D.W. Stanley, L.G. Ward. 1988. Phytoplankton, nutrients and turbidity in the Chesapeake, Delaware, and Hudson Estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 27: 61–93.
15. Gao, X. and J. Song. 2005. Phytoplankton distributions and their relationship with the environment in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 327–335.
16. Gimin, R., R. Mohan, L.V. Thinh and A.D. Griffiths. 2004. The relationship of shell dimensions and shell volume to live weight and soft tissue weight in the mangrove clam, Polymesoda erosa (Solander, 1786) from northern Australia. NAGA, Worldfish Center Quarterly 27(3-4): 32-35.
17. Gopalakrishnan, S. and K. Vijayavel. 2009. Nutritional composition of three estuarine bivalve mussels, Perna viridis, Donax cuneatus and Meretrix meretrix. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60(6): 458-463.
18. Gosling, E.M. 2003. Bivalve Molluscs: Biology, Ecology and Culture. Fishing News Books, Oxford, UK, 443 pp.
19. Hasle, G.R. and E.E. Syvertsen. 1997. Marine diatoms. In: Identifying marine phytoplankton (ed. C.R. Tomas), pp. 5-385. Academic Press, USA.
20. Hawkins, A.J.S., B.L. Bayne, S. Bougrier, M. Hèral, J.I.P. Iglesias, E. Navaro, R.F.M. Smith and M.B. Urrutia. 1998. Some general relationship in comparing the feeding physiology of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 219: 87-103.
21. Hégaret, H. 2007. Impacts of harmful algal blooms on physiological and cellular processes of bivalve molluscs. Thesis Ph.D. University of Connecticut, USA, 376pp.
22. Iglesias, J.I.P., E. Navarro, P. Alvarez Joma and I. Armentia. 1992. Feeding, particle selection, and absorption in cockles Cerastoder maedule (L.) exposed to variable conditions of food concentration and quality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 162: 177-198.
23. Kamal, D. and Y.S.A. Khan. 1998. Growth of green mussel, Perna viridis (Linn. 1758), from Moheshkhali channel of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Marine Science 7(1): 45-55.
24. Karayücel, S. and I. Karayücel. 1999. Growth and mortality of mussels (Mytilus edulis) reared in lantern nets in Loch, Kishorn, Scotland. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 23: 397-402.
25. Manfrin, C., G.D. Moro, V. Torboli, P. Venier, A. Pallavicini and M. Gerdol. 2012. Physiological and molecular responses of bivalves to toxic dinoflagellates. Invertebrate Survival Journal 9: 184-199.
26. Marcarelli, A.M., W.A. Wayne and G. Olivia. 2006. Salinity controls phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63(10): 2236-2248.
27. Mei, Z.P., Z.V. Finkel and A.J. Irwin. 2009. Light and nutrient availability affect the size-scaling of growth in phytoplankton. Journal of Theoretical Biology 259:582– 588
28. Mohammad-Noor, N., F.S. Ong and A. Weliyadi. 2012. Seasonal distribution of harmful algal bloom species in east coast of Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 7(6): 431-438.
29. Paerl, H.W. and C.S. Tucker. 1995. Ecology of blue‐green algae in aquaculture ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26(2): 109-131.
30. Parkhill, J.P. and A.D. Cembella. 1999. Effects of salinity, light, and inorganic nitrogen on growth and toxigenicity of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense from northeastern Canada. Journal of Plankton Research 21: 939–955.
31. Parsons, T.R., Y. Maita and C.M. Lalli. 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, 173 pp.
32. Pielou, E.C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology 13: 131-144.
33. Power, A.J., R.L. Walker, K. Payne and D. Hurley. 2004. First occurrence of the non-Indigenous green mussel, Perna viridis in Coastal Georgia, United States. Journal of Shellfish Research 23: 741-744.
34. Rajagopal, S., V.P. Venugopalan, K.V.K. Nair, G. van der Velde, H.A. Jenner and C. Den Hartog. 1998. Reproduction, growth rate and culture potential of the green mussel, Perna viridis (L.) in Edaiyur backwaters, east coast of India. Aquaculture 162: 187-202.
35. Sallih, K. 2005. Mussel Farming in the State of Sarawak, Malaysia: A Feasibility Study. The United Nations University Fisheries Training Program, 44 pp.
36. Seed, R. 1968. Factor influencing shell shape in mussel Mytilus edulis. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 48: 561-584.
37. Seed, R. and T.H. Suchanek. 1992. Population and community ecology of Mytilus. In: The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture (ed. E. Gosling), pp87-169. Elsevier, London.
38. Shafee, M.S. 1979. Ecological energy requirements of the green mussel, Perna viridis Linnaeus from Ennore Estuary, Madras. Oceanologica Acta 2(1): 69-74.
39. Shannon, C.E. and W. Weaver. 1963. The mathematical theory of communications. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 125 pp.
40. Sinden, A. and C.S. Sinang. 2015. Presence and abundance of Cynobacteria in selected aquaculture ponds in Perak, Malaysia and the relationships with selected physicochemical parameters of water. Journal Teknologi 76(1): 187-194.
41. Sivalingam, P.M. 1977. Aquaculture of green mussel, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus, in Malaysia. Aquaculture 11: 297-312.
42. Sprung, M. 1983. Reproduction and fecundity of the mussel Mytilus edulis at Helgoland (North Sea). Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 36: 243-255.
43. Sreenivasan, P.V., R. Thangavelu and P. Poovannan. 1989. Biology of the green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus) cultures in Mattukadu lagoom, Madras. Indian Journal of Fisheries 36(2): 149-155.
44. Srinibhadh, A. 1976. Role of aquaculture in economic development within South- East Asia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33(4), 899-901.
45. Steidinger, K.A. and K. Tangen. 1997. Dinoflagellates. In: Identifying marine phytoplankton (ed. C.R. Tomas), pp 387-585. Academic Press, USA.
46. Taib, M. A., J. Madin and J. Ransangan. 2016. Density, recruitment and growth performance of Asian green mussel (Perna viridis) in Marudu Bay, Northeast Malaysian Borneo, three years after a massive mortality event. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 38(6): 631-639.
47. Tan, K.S. and J. Ransangan. 2016. Feasibility of green mussel, Perna viridis farming in Marudu Bay, Malaysia. Aquaculture Reports 4: 130-135.
48. Tan, K.S. and J. Ransangan. 2014. A review of feeding behaviour, growth, reproduction and aquaculture site selection for green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis. Advance in Bioscience and Biotechnology 5: 462-469.
49. Utermöhl, H. 1958. Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen phytoplankton-methodik. Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Limnologie 9: 1-38.
50. Vakily, J.M. 1989. The biology and culture of mussels of the genus Perna. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 17, ICLARM, Manila. 63 pp.
51. Wang, Y., M. Hu, W.H. Wong, P.K.S. Shin, and S.G. Cheung. 2011. The Combined effects of oxygen availability and salinity on physiological responses and scope for growth in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 63: 255-261.
52. Wilbur, K.M. and G. Owen. 1964. Growth. In: Physiology of Mollusca Volume 1 (eds. K.M. Wilbur and C.M Yonge), pp211-242. Academic Press, New York.
53. Wong, W.H. and S.G. Cheung. 1999. Feeding behaviour of the green mussel, Perna viridis (L.): responses to variation in seston quantity and quality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 236: 191-207.
54. Yancik, J.F., J.W. Heath and D.D. Heath. 2003. Survival and growth of local and transplanted blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus, Lamark). Aquaculture Research 34(10): 869-875.
55. Yap, C.K., A. Ismail and S.G. Tan. 2004. Heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from some wild and aquacultural sites in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Food Chemistry 84: 569-575.
2. Andersen, P. and J. Throndsen. 2003. Estimating cell numbers. In: Manual on harmful marine microalgae (eds. G.M. Hallegraeff, G.M. Anderson and A.D. Cembella, A.D), pp. 99-129. UNESCO publishing, USA.
3. Arifin, Z. and L.I. Bendell-Young. 2001. Cost of selective feeding by the blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) as measured by respiration and ammonia excretion rates. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 260(2): 259-269
4. Artamonova, E.Y., J.B. Svenning, T. Vasskog, E. Hansen and H.C. Eilertsen. 2017. Analysis of phospholipids and neutral lipids in three common northern cold water diatoms: Coscinodiscus concinnus, Porosira glacialis, and Chaetoceros socialis, by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal Applied Phycology 29(3): 1241-1249.
5. Azman, S., W.C. Chan, R. Ismail, J. Jaafar, M.I. Mohd Said and Salmiati. 2012. Effect of land use on coastal water and Perna viridis at Johor Straits, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 3(3): 237-239.
6. Bayne, B.L., A.J.S. Hawkins and E. Navarro. 1987. Feeding and digestion by the mussel Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia: Mollusca) in mixtures of silt and algal cells at low concentration. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology 111: 1-22.
7. Celik, M.Y., S. Karayücel and I. Karayücel. 2009. Effects of environmental factors on growth and mortality of raft cultivated mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) cultivated in lantern nets in Black Sea. AACL Bioflux 2(2): 97-108.
8. Celik, M.Y., S. Karayücel, I. Karayücel, R. Öztürk and B. Eyüboğlu. 2012. Meat yield, condition index and biochemical composition of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) in Sinop, South of the Black Sea. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 21(3): 198-205.
9. Cheong, L. 1982. Country Report: Singapore. In: Bivalve culture in Asia and the Pacific (ed. F.B. Davy and M. Grirham), pp 69-71. International Development Research Centre. WWA, Canada, 91 pp.
10. Choo, S.E. and C.S. Ng. 1990. Enzyme Hydrolysis of Green Mussel (Perna viridis) to produce an Enhanced Taste Extract. Singapore Journal of Primary Industries 18: 48-53.
11. Cloern, J.E., B.E. Cole, R.L.J. Wong and A.E. Alpine. 1985. Temporal dynamics of estuarine phytoplankton: A case study San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia 129: 153-176.
12. DOF. 2015. Annual Fisheries Statistics 2008. Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
13. Farrington, J.W., A.C. Davis, B.W. Tripp, D.K. Phelps and W.B. Galloway. 1987. Mussel Watch-Measurements of chemical pollutants bivalves as one indicator of coastal environmental quality. In: New Approaches to Monitoring Aquatic Ecosystem (ed. T.P. Boyle), pp 125-139. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA.
14. Fisher, T.R., L.W. Harding, D.W. Stanley, L.G. Ward. 1988. Phytoplankton, nutrients and turbidity in the Chesapeake, Delaware, and Hudson Estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 27: 61–93.
15. Gao, X. and J. Song. 2005. Phytoplankton distributions and their relationship with the environment in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 327–335.
16. Gimin, R., R. Mohan, L.V. Thinh and A.D. Griffiths. 2004. The relationship of shell dimensions and shell volume to live weight and soft tissue weight in the mangrove clam, Polymesoda erosa (Solander, 1786) from northern Australia. NAGA, Worldfish Center Quarterly 27(3-4): 32-35.
17. Gopalakrishnan, S. and K. Vijayavel. 2009. Nutritional composition of three estuarine bivalve mussels, Perna viridis, Donax cuneatus and Meretrix meretrix. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60(6): 458-463.
18. Gosling, E.M. 2003. Bivalve Molluscs: Biology, Ecology and Culture. Fishing News Books, Oxford, UK, 443 pp.
19. Hasle, G.R. and E.E. Syvertsen. 1997. Marine diatoms. In: Identifying marine phytoplankton (ed. C.R. Tomas), pp. 5-385. Academic Press, USA.
20. Hawkins, A.J.S., B.L. Bayne, S. Bougrier, M. Hèral, J.I.P. Iglesias, E. Navaro, R.F.M. Smith and M.B. Urrutia. 1998. Some general relationship in comparing the feeding physiology of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 219: 87-103.
21. Hégaret, H. 2007. Impacts of harmful algal blooms on physiological and cellular processes of bivalve molluscs. Thesis Ph.D. University of Connecticut, USA, 376pp.
22. Iglesias, J.I.P., E. Navarro, P. Alvarez Joma and I. Armentia. 1992. Feeding, particle selection, and absorption in cockles Cerastoder maedule (L.) exposed to variable conditions of food concentration and quality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 162: 177-198.
23. Kamal, D. and Y.S.A. Khan. 1998. Growth of green mussel, Perna viridis (Linn. 1758), from Moheshkhali channel of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Marine Science 7(1): 45-55.
24. Karayücel, S. and I. Karayücel. 1999. Growth and mortality of mussels (Mytilus edulis) reared in lantern nets in Loch, Kishorn, Scotland. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 23: 397-402.
25. Manfrin, C., G.D. Moro, V. Torboli, P. Venier, A. Pallavicini and M. Gerdol. 2012. Physiological and molecular responses of bivalves to toxic dinoflagellates. Invertebrate Survival Journal 9: 184-199.
26. Marcarelli, A.M., W.A. Wayne and G. Olivia. 2006. Salinity controls phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63(10): 2236-2248.
27. Mei, Z.P., Z.V. Finkel and A.J. Irwin. 2009. Light and nutrient availability affect the size-scaling of growth in phytoplankton. Journal of Theoretical Biology 259:582– 588
28. Mohammad-Noor, N., F.S. Ong and A. Weliyadi. 2012. Seasonal distribution of harmful algal bloom species in east coast of Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 7(6): 431-438.
29. Paerl, H.W. and C.S. Tucker. 1995. Ecology of blue‐green algae in aquaculture ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26(2): 109-131.
30. Parkhill, J.P. and A.D. Cembella. 1999. Effects of salinity, light, and inorganic nitrogen on growth and toxigenicity of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense from northeastern Canada. Journal of Plankton Research 21: 939–955.
31. Parsons, T.R., Y. Maita and C.M. Lalli. 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, 173 pp.
32. Pielou, E.C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology 13: 131-144.
33. Power, A.J., R.L. Walker, K. Payne and D. Hurley. 2004. First occurrence of the non-Indigenous green mussel, Perna viridis in Coastal Georgia, United States. Journal of Shellfish Research 23: 741-744.
34. Rajagopal, S., V.P. Venugopalan, K.V.K. Nair, G. van der Velde, H.A. Jenner and C. Den Hartog. 1998. Reproduction, growth rate and culture potential of the green mussel, Perna viridis (L.) in Edaiyur backwaters, east coast of India. Aquaculture 162: 187-202.
35. Sallih, K. 2005. Mussel Farming in the State of Sarawak, Malaysia: A Feasibility Study. The United Nations University Fisheries Training Program, 44 pp.
36. Seed, R. 1968. Factor influencing shell shape in mussel Mytilus edulis. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 48: 561-584.
37. Seed, R. and T.H. Suchanek. 1992. Population and community ecology of Mytilus. In: The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture (ed. E. Gosling), pp87-169. Elsevier, London.
38. Shafee, M.S. 1979. Ecological energy requirements of the green mussel, Perna viridis Linnaeus from Ennore Estuary, Madras. Oceanologica Acta 2(1): 69-74.
39. Shannon, C.E. and W. Weaver. 1963. The mathematical theory of communications. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 125 pp.
40. Sinden, A. and C.S. Sinang. 2015. Presence and abundance of Cynobacteria in selected aquaculture ponds in Perak, Malaysia and the relationships with selected physicochemical parameters of water. Journal Teknologi 76(1): 187-194.
41. Sivalingam, P.M. 1977. Aquaculture of green mussel, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus, in Malaysia. Aquaculture 11: 297-312.
42. Sprung, M. 1983. Reproduction and fecundity of the mussel Mytilus edulis at Helgoland (North Sea). Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 36: 243-255.
43. Sreenivasan, P.V., R. Thangavelu and P. Poovannan. 1989. Biology of the green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus) cultures in Mattukadu lagoom, Madras. Indian Journal of Fisheries 36(2): 149-155.
44. Srinibhadh, A. 1976. Role of aquaculture in economic development within South- East Asia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33(4), 899-901.
45. Steidinger, K.A. and K. Tangen. 1997. Dinoflagellates. In: Identifying marine phytoplankton (ed. C.R. Tomas), pp 387-585. Academic Press, USA.
46. Taib, M. A., J. Madin and J. Ransangan. 2016. Density, recruitment and growth performance of Asian green mussel (Perna viridis) in Marudu Bay, Northeast Malaysian Borneo, three years after a massive mortality event. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 38(6): 631-639.
47. Tan, K.S. and J. Ransangan. 2016. Feasibility of green mussel, Perna viridis farming in Marudu Bay, Malaysia. Aquaculture Reports 4: 130-135.
48. Tan, K.S. and J. Ransangan. 2014. A review of feeding behaviour, growth, reproduction and aquaculture site selection for green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis. Advance in Bioscience and Biotechnology 5: 462-469.
49. Utermöhl, H. 1958. Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen phytoplankton-methodik. Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Limnologie 9: 1-38.
50. Vakily, J.M. 1989. The biology and culture of mussels of the genus Perna. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 17, ICLARM, Manila. 63 pp.
51. Wang, Y., M. Hu, W.H. Wong, P.K.S. Shin, and S.G. Cheung. 2011. The Combined effects of oxygen availability and salinity on physiological responses and scope for growth in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 63: 255-261.
52. Wilbur, K.M. and G. Owen. 1964. Growth. In: Physiology of Mollusca Volume 1 (eds. K.M. Wilbur and C.M Yonge), pp211-242. Academic Press, New York.
53. Wong, W.H. and S.G. Cheung. 1999. Feeding behaviour of the green mussel, Perna viridis (L.): responses to variation in seston quantity and quality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 236: 191-207.
54. Yancik, J.F., J.W. Heath and D.D. Heath. 2003. Survival and growth of local and transplanted blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus, Lamark). Aquaculture Research 34(10): 869-875.
55. Yap, C.K., A. Ismail and S.G. Tan. 2004. Heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from some wild and aquacultural sites in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Food Chemistry 84: 569-575.