Spatial and Temporal Variability in Water Quality, Sediment, and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Mae Klong River, Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diversity and abundance of macrobenthic fauna have been extensively used to determine the quality of the aquatic environment. The Mae Klong River consists of several types of habitats which are important for human uses. The water quality of the river has deteriorated due to wastewater discharged from human activities. Although there have been many efforts to improve water quality in the past, problems still remain. This study used benthic macroinvertebrates as key indicators of water quality and sediment in the Mae Klong River and its tributaries. Spatio-temporal variability in water quality, sediment, and benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mae Klong River was investigated across 21 stations between April 2016 and March 2017, at an interval of three times per season (hot, rainy, and cold). Principal component analysis revealed that water quality variables in the cold season were clearly different from those in the hot and rainy seasons. Total organic matter, sulfide, and median grain size in the sediment were not different, whereas concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc in the rainy and cold seasons were different from those in the hot season. Three phyla, 26 orders, 58 families, and 118 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were found. Species and their distributions were not different among the three seasons, but varied by location (upper, middle and lower parts of the river). The conditions of the upper Mae Klong River are satisfactory, but the lower Mae Klong River is contaminated with pollution. The main factors affecting the community structure, composition, and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mae Klong River include conductivity, total organic matter, and sulfide. This present study also demonstrates that benthic macroinvertebrate taxa, including the families Ephemeridae, Baetidae, Caenidae (Ephemeroptera), Libellulidae (Odonata) and class Polychaeta (Perinereis) are useful for assessment of the health of Mae Klong River.
Article Details
References
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2017. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. 1546 pp.
Bendati, M.M.A., C.R.M. Maizonave, E.D. Olabarriaga and R.M. Rosado. 1998. Use of the benthic macroinvertebrate community as a pollution indicator in the Gravataí River (RS, Brazil). International Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 26(4): 2019–2023.
Boonsoong, B., N. Sangpradub and M.T. Barbour. 2009. Development of rapid bioassessment approaches using benthic macroinvertebrates for Thai streams. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 155: 129–147.
Chartchumni, B., A. Rangsiwiwat, S. Kaewdonree and S. Rayan. 2017. Species diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate and application as bioindicators of water quality in Nam Oun Reservoir, Sakon Nakhon Province. Burapha Science Journal 22(3): 83–94.
Cooper, C.M. 1993. Biological effects of agriculturally derived surface water pollutants on aquatic systems. Journal of Environmental Quality 22: 402–408.
Coldsnow, K.D. and R.A. Relyea. 2018. Toxicity of various road-deicing salts to Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 37(7): 1839–1845.
Cummins, K.W. 1978. Trophic relations of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology 18: 183–206.
Dudgeon, D. 1999. Tropical Asian Streams: Zoobenthos, Ecology and Conservation. Hongkong University Press, Hongkong. 844 pp.
Dudgeon, D. 2000. The ecological of tropical Asian river and streams in relation to biodiversity conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 31: 239–263.
Elfritzson, M.P., E.B. Alexis, R.B. Gelsie, G.G. Francis, K.G.R. Cantre, J.N.A. Espiritu, De Vera, C.P. Perez, A.K.V. Tan, I.B.B.D. Jesus, P. Palomares, J.C.A. Briones, T. Ikeya, F.S. Magbanua, R.D.S. Papa and N. Okuda. 2020. Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages Reveal the Importance of a Recently Established Freshwater Protected Area in a Tropical Watershed1. Pacific science 73(3): 305–320. DOI: 10.2984/73.3.1.
Hauer, F.R. and W.R. Hill. 1996. “Temperature, light, and oxygen” in methods in stream ecology. Academic Press, Burlington. 895 pp.
Hintz, W.D., B.M. Mattes, M.S. Schuler, D.K. Jones, A.B. Stoler, L. Lind and R.A. Relyea. 2017. Salinization triggers a trophic cascade in experimental freshwater communities with varying food-chain length. Ecological Applications 27(3): 833–844.
Jones, D.K., B.M. Mattes, W.D. Hintz, M.S. Schuler, A.B. Stoler, L.A. Lind, R.O. Cooper and R.A. Relyea. 2017. Investigation of road salts and biotic stressors on freshwater wetland communities. Environmental Pollution 221: 159–167.
Kullasoot, S., P. Intrarasattayapong and C. Phalaraksh. 2017. Use of benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of anthropogenic impacts on water quality of Mae Klong River, western Thailand. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 44(4): 1356–1366.
Laskowski, R., A.J. Bednarska, D. Spurgeon, C. Svendsen and C.A.M. Van Gestel. 2010. Three-phase metal kinetics in terrestrial invertebrates exposed to high metal concentrations. Science of the Total Environment 408: 3794–3802.
Lenat, D.R. and J.K. Crawford. 1994. Effects of land use on water quality and aquatic biota of tree North Corolina Piedmont streams. Hydrobiologia 294: 185–199.
Lister, L.J., C. Svendsen, J. Wright, H.L. Hooperand and D.J. Spurgeon. 2011. Modelling the joint effects of a metal and a pesticide on reproduction and toxicokinetics in Lumbricid earthworms. Environment International 37: 663–670.
Liu, L., Z. Xu, X. Yin, F. Li and T. Dou. 2017. Development of a multimetric index based on benthic macroinvertebrates for the assessment of urban stream health in Jinan City, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189: 205. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5920-8.
McCune, B. and M.J. Mefford. 2011. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Version 6.0. MjM Software. Gleneden Beach, Oregon. 28 pp.
Moi, D.A., J. Ernandes-Silva, M. Baumgartner, M. Tenório and P. Roger. 2020. The effects of river-level oscillations on the macroinvertebrate community in a river–floodplain system. Limnology 21: 219–232.
National Research Council. 1996. Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 384 pp.
Norris, R.H. and K.P. Norris. 1995. The need for biological assessment of water quality: Australian perspective. Australian Journal of Ecology 2: 1–6.
Pennak, R.W. 1953. Freshwater Invertebrates of United States. The Ronald Press Company, New York. 769 pp.
Pollution Control Department. 1992. Standard water quality. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. http://infofile.pcd.go.th/mgt/WaterQuality.pdf. Cited 20 Apr 2019.
Pollution Control Department. 2016. Report on the Quality of Water Sources across the Country. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand. http:iwis.pcd.go.th/IWIS/intranet/inland/rep_sum_data_riv.php. Cited 20 Apr 2019.
Pollution Control Department. 2018. Standard sediment quality. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. http://infofile.pcd.go.th/law/standarddraft590310-1.pdf?CFID=1686378&CFTOKEN=99083307. Cited 20 Apr 2019.
Praveena, S.M., A. Ahmed, M. Radojevic, M.H. Abdullah and A.Z. Aris. 2008. Heavy metals in mangrove surface sediment of Mengkabong Lagoon, Sabah: Multivariate and GEO-accmulation index approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research (IJER) 2(2): 139–148.
Rattanachan, N., B. Boonsoong, P. Getwongsa, Y. Uttaruk and N. Sangpradub. 2016. A benthic nacroinvertebrate multimetric index for assessment of the ecological integrity of northeast stream, Thailand. EnvironmentalAsia 9(2): 186 –194.
Resh, VH., M.J. Myers and M.J. Hannaford. 1996. Macroinvertebates as biotic indicators of environmental quality. In: Methods in Stream Ecology (eds. ER. Hauer and G.A. Lamberti), pp. 647–668. Academic, San Diego.
Rosenberg, D.M. and H. Resh. 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapmann and Hall Inc, New York. 488 pp.
Schuler, M.S. and R.A. Relyea. 2018a. A review of the combined threats of road salts and heavy metals to freshwater systems. Bioscience 68(5): 327–335.
Schuler, M.S. and R.A. Relyea. 2018b. Road salt and organic additives affect mosquito growth and survival: an emerging problem in wetlands. Oikos 127(6): 866–874.
Spence, J.A. and H.B.N. Hynes. 2011. Differences in benthos upstream and downstream of an impoundment. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(1): 35–43.
Spurgeon, D.J. and S.P. Hopkin. 1999. Seasonal variation in the abundance, biomass and biodiversity of earthworms in soils contaminated with metal emissions from a primary smelting works. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 173–183.
Sosnovsky, A., J.J. Rosso and R. Quirós. 2010. Trophic interactions in shallow lakes of the Pampa plain (Argentina) and their effects on water transparency during two cold seasons of contrasting fish abundance. Limnetica 29(2): 233–246.
Soil Science Society of America. 2001. Method of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy Inc, Madison Wisconsin. 1309 pp.
Ter Braak, C.J.F. and P.F.M. Verdonschot. 1995. Canonical corespondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquatic Science 37: 130–137.
Thongdonphum, B., S. Meksumpun and C. Meksumpun. 2011. Nutrient loads and their impacts on chlorophyll a in the Mae Klong River and estuarine ecosystem: an approach for nutrient criteria development. Water Science and Technology 64(1): 178–188.
Vinson, M.R. and C.P. Hawkins. 1996. Biodiversity of stream insects: variation at local, Basin and regional scales. Annual Review of Entomology 43: 271–293.
Yen, N.T.M., A. Vanreusel, L. Lins, T.T. Thai, B.T. Nara and N.X. Quang. 2020. The effect of a dam construction on subtidal nematode communities in the Ba Lai Estuary, Vietnam. Diversity 12: 137–153.