Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Ball Sea Cucumber Phyllophorella kohkutiensis in Thai Waters Derived from COI and 16S rDNA
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Abstract
A ball sea cucumber species (Phyllophorella kohkutiensis) is widely distributed along both coasts of Thailand. Recently, harvest of ball sea cucumber from the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea has been increasing, while basic information necessary for conservation and management of this species, such as population data, has never been reported in Thailand. Consequently, genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, population structure and haplotype relationships of specimens found in Thai waters were examined in this study using mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and large ribosomal RNA (16S rDNA) genes. The sea cucumber populations from the Gulf of Thailand, Ban Don Bay (Amphur Tha Chang, Surat Thani Province, n = 30), Andaman Sea, Tumbon Koh Sarai (Satun Province, n = 30) and Tumbon Aow Luek Noi (Krabi Province, n = 30) showed relatively moderate overall haplotype diversity (h = 0.509±0.065 for COI, h = 0.544±0.057 for 16S rDNA) and low overall nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00120±0.00021 for COI, π = 0.00142±0.00021 for 16S rDNA). Significant genetic differentiation was observed among these three sampled populations. However, AMOVA and haplotype network analyses provide some evidence of historical gene flow across regions (between the lower Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea) and rapid population expansion.
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