Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) to Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Genotoxicity and Histological Studies
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Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) has recently become a controversial agricultural chemical in Thailand, with proposals to ban it due to public health concerns. Currently (2021), its use is still allowed as an insecticide in ricefields, but there is concern that CPF in the aquatic environment may impact non target species such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study was conducted to evaluate the standard 96-h LC50 for CPF in juvenile tilapia and to detect any DNA damage and tissue alterations caused by exposure to CPF. The 96-h LC50 was calculated using probit analysis and then used in an acute exposure test. The 96-h LC50 was 22.0±6.0 µg·L-1. The comet assay was conducted to detect any DNA damage, and histological techniques were used to observe tissue alterations. The mean percentage of tail DNA detected in the organs of treated fish showed significant difference (p<0.05) from the control fish, and differences were also found among tissues. Several alterations were observed in the organs of treated fish. Gill histology showed hyperplasia and fusion of secondary epithelial cells, damage of columnar tip cells, and detachment of secondary epithelium. Damage in the stratified squamous epithelium was detected in the oesophagus, and the intestines showed numerous goblet cells with expanded size and fusion of columnar epithelium and villi. The study indicates that CPF is an unsafe insecticide. It causes mortality, DNA damage and tissue alterations at low concentrations. Rice fields and freshwater aquaculture share the same water sources, and so CPF is likely to find its way from paddy fields to both subsistence and commercial aquaculture operations.
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