The Effect of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the Development of Duckweed (Lemna minor) in Co-Culture with Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The effects of artificial light source and photoperiod on duckweed (Lemna minor) growth and the impact of duckweed on red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) growth in an aquaponic culture are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate: 1) effects of light source and photoperiod on growth of duckweed and water quality, and 2) the effects of feeding red tilapia with different ratios of duckweed:artificial feed. In Phase I, three different artificial light sources (LED white light, T5 fluorescent white light, and LED blue light) were used and then a consecutive experiment was conducted using LED white light with three different photoperiods: 24:0, 16:8, and 12:12 (light:dark). In Phase II, red tilapia were fed with three feeding regimes made up of different percentages (by weight) of duckweed (0%, 5%, and 10%) to artificial pellet feed. Overall, our results suggest that using LED white light with a photoperiod of 16:8 (light:dark) was effective for maximizing duckweed growth in aquaponic culture and consequently resulted in lowest total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and NO2-, and that replacing pellet feed with duckweed at 5% or 10% can increase the growth rate of red tilapia.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1989. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., USA. 1220 pp.
Azeez, N.M. and A.A. Sabbar. 2012. Efficiency of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in phytotreatment of wastewater pollutants from Basrah oil refinery. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation 1(4): 163–172.
Baek, G., M. Saeed and H.K. Choi. 2021. Duckweeds: their utilization, metabolites and cultivation. Applied Biological Chemistry 64(1): 1–15.
Barko, J. and R. Smart. 1983. Effects of organic matter additions to sediment on the growth of aquatic plants. The Journal of Ecology 71: 161–175.
Boonanuntanasarn, S., A. Jangprai, S. Kumkhong, E. Plagnes-Juan, V. Veron, C. Burel, L. Marandel and S. Panserat. 2018. Adaptation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to different levels of dietary carbohydrates: New insights from a long term nutritional study. Aquaculture 496: 58–65.
Cedergreen, N. and T.V. Madsen. 2002. Nitrogen uptake by the floating macrophyte Lemna minor. New phytologist 155(2): 285–292.
Clark, N.A. 2002. The rate of reproduction of Lemna major as a function of intensity and duration of light. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 29(8): 935–941.
Costa, D., U. Aziz, J. Elliott, H. Baulch, B. Roy, K. Schneider and J. Pomeroy. 2020. The Nutrient App: Developing a smartphone application for on-site instantaneous community-based NO3 and PO4 monitoring. Environmental Modelling and Software 133: 104829. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104829.
Coughlan, N.E., É. Walsh, P. Bolger, G. Burnell, N. O'Leary, M. O'Mahoney, S. Paolacci, D. Wall and M.A.K. Jansen. 2022. Duckweed bioreactors: Challenges and opportunities for large-scale indoor cultivation of Lemnaceae. Journal of Cleaner Production 336: 130285. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130285.
Dănăilă-Guidea, S.M. and E. Delian. 2020. An overview on blue light benefits on plants physiological performances and on plant products qualities. Conference: International Conference “Agriculture for Life - Life for Agriculture” 2020: 643–652. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25854.00327.
Ekperusi, A.O., F.D. Sikoki and E.O. Nwachukwu. 2019. Application of common duckweed (Lemna minor) in phytoremediation of chemicals in the environment: State and future perspective. Chemosphere 223: 285–309.
Engbers, G., J. Harbinson, W. van Ieperen, J. Ruijsch, O. van Kooten, S. Hogewoning, G. Trouwborst, A. Schapendonk and C. Pot. 2006. Plant Physiological Acclimation to Irradiation by Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). XXVII International Horticultural Congress-IHC2006: International Symposium on Advances in Environmental Control, Seoul, Korea. 632 pp.
Fankhauser, C. and J. Chory. 1997. Light control of plant development. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13(1): 203–229.
Gallego, L.M., Y.H. Chien and I.P. Angeles Jr. 2022. Effects of light source and photoperiod on growth of duckweed Landoltia punctata and its water quality. Aquaculture Research 53(2): 398–408.
Gee, C.S., J.T. Pfeffer and M.T. Suidan. 1990. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter interactions in biological nitrification. Journal of Environmental Engineering 116(1): 4–17.
Gupta, C. and D. Prakash. 2013. Duckweed: An effective tool for phyto-remediation. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 95(8): 1256–1266.
Halver, J.E. and R.W. Hardy. 2003. Nutrient flow and retention. In: Fish Nutrition (Third Edition), pp. 755–770. Academic Press, Cambridge, USA.
Hasan, M.R. and C. Rina. 2009. Use of Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes as Feed in Small-Scale Aquaculture: A Review. No. 531. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. 123 pp.
Islam, M.A., G. Kuwar, J.L. Clarke, D.R. Blystad, H.R. Gislerød, J.E. Olsen and S. Torre. 2012. Artificial light from light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a high portion of blue light results in shorter poinsettias compared to high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Scientia Horticulturae 147: 136–143.
Journey, W.K., P. Skillicorn and W. Spira. 1991. Duckweed Aquaculture. Emena Technical Department Agriculture Division, World Bank, Duebendorf, Switzerland. 89 pp.
Lasfar, S., F. Monette, L. Millette and A. Azzouz. 2007. Intrinsic growth rate: a new approach to evaluate the effects of temperature, photoperiod and phosphorus–nitrogen concentrations on duckweed growth under controlled eutrophication. Water Research 41(11): 2333–2340. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.059.
Lee, H., S.W. Park, M. Cui, B. Lee, D. Minh Pham, H. Hwang and C. Chun. 2023. Improvement of strawberry transplant production efficiency by supplementary blue light in a plant factory using white LEDs. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : 1–12.
Leng, R., J. Stambolie and R. Bell. 1995. Duckweed-a potential high-protein feed resource for domestic animals and fish. Livestock Research for Rural Development 7(1): 36. DOI: https://www.scinapse.io/papers/2183862306.
Lewis Jr, W.M. and D.P. Morris. 1986. Toxicity of nitrite to fish: A review. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115(2): 183–195.
Li, H., Y. Zhong, H. Huang, Z. Tan, Y. Sun and H. Liu. 2020. Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal by interactions between phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) in a sequencing batch reactor. Science of The Total Environment 744: 140852. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140852.
Liu, C., Z. Dai and H. Sun. 2017. Potential of duckweed (Lemna minor) for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from water under salt stress. Journal of Environmental Management 187: 497–503.
Lu, H., G. Zhang, Z. Zheng, F. Meng, T. Du and S. He. 2019. Bio-conversion of photosynthetic bacteria from non-toxic wastewater to realize wastewater treatment and bioresource recovery: A review. Bioresource Technology 278: 383–399.
Matthijs, H.C., E. Von Elert and L.R. Mur. 1998. Comparison of the light-limited growth of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena and Aphanizomenon. The New Phytologist 138(4): 579–587.
Melaragno, J.E. and M.A. Walsh. 1976. Ultrastructural features of developing sieve elements in Lemna minor L.–the protoplast. American Journal of Botany 63(8): 1145–1157.
Memiş, D., G.Tunçelli, M. Tinkir and M.H. Erk. 2023. Investigation of different lighting (LED, HPS and FLO) in aquaponics systems for joint production of different plants (Lettuce, Parsley and Cress) and koi carp. Aquatic Research 6(1): 43–51.
Moran, M.A. and R.G. Zepp. 1997. Role of photoreactions in the formation of biologically labile compounds from dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography 42(6): 1307–1316.
Muneer, S., E.J. Kim, J.S. Park and J.H. Lee. 2014. Influence of green, red and blue light emitting diodes on multiprotein complex proteins and photosynthetic activity under different light intensities in lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15(3): 4657–4670.
Neori, A., T. Chopin, M. Troell, A.H. Buschmann, G.P. Kraemer, C. Halling, M. Shpigel and C. Yarish. 2004. Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture. Aquaculture 231(1–4): 361–391.
Ng, Y.S. and D.J.C. Chan. 2018. Phytoremediation capabilities of Spirodela polyrhiza, Salvinia molesta and Lemna sp. in synthetic wastewater: a comparative study. International Journal of Phytoremediation 20(12): 1179–1186.
Ozengin, N. and A. Elmaci. 2007. Performance of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on different types of wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Biology 28(2): 307–314.
Parkinson, J. and S. Allen. 1975. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 6(1): 1–11.
Petersen, F., J. Demann, D. Restemeyer, H.W. Olfs, H. Westendarp, K.J. Appenroth and A. Ulbrich. 2022. Influence of light intensity and spectrum on duckweed growth and proteins in a small-scale, re-circulating indoor vertical farm. Plants 11(8): 1010. DOI: 10.3390/plants11081010.
Popa, R., I.C. Moga, M. Rissdorfer, M.L. Georgiana ILIS, G. Petrescu, N. Craciun and G. Stoian. 2017. Duckweed utilization for fresh water conservation (management) in recirculated aquaculture systems. International Journal of Conservation Science, 8(4): 715–722.
Rakocy, J., R.C. Shultz, D.S. Bailey and E.S. Thoman. 2003. Aquaponic production of tilapia and basil: Comparing a batch and staggered cropping system. South Pacific Soilless Culture Conference-SPSCC, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 63–69 pp.
Rakocy, J.E. 2012. Aquaponics: integrating fish and plant culture. Aquaculture Production Systems 1: 343–386.
Randall, D.J. and P.A. Wright. 1987. Ammonia distribution and excretion in fish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 3(3): 107–120.
Rice, E.W., L. Bridgewater and American Public Health Association. 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, Vol. 10. American public health association, Washington, D.C., USA. 1220 pp.
Saito, T., D. Brdjanovic and M. Van Loosdrecht. 2004. Effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake by phosphate accumulating organisms. Water Research 38(17): 3760–3768.
Seiler, F., J. Soll and B. Bölter. 2017. Comparative phenotypical and molecular analyses of Arabidopsis grown under fluorescent and LED light. Plants 6(2): 24. DOI: 10.3390/plants6020024.
Singh, D., L. Nedbal and O. Ebenhöh. 2018. Modelling phosphorus uptake in microalgae. Biochemical Society Transactions 46(2): 483–490.
Tavares, F.D.A., F.R. Lapolli, R. Roubach, M.K. Jungles, D.M. Fracalossi and A.D. Moraes. 2010. Use of domestic effluent through duckweeds and red tilapia farming in integrated system. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 5(1): 1–10.
Thomas, B. and D. Vince-Prue. 1996. Photoperiodism in Plants, 2nd ed. Academic Press, Cambridge, USA. 428 pp.
Tyson, R.V., D.D. Treadwell and E.H. Simonne. 2011. Opportunities and challenges to sustainability in aquaponic systems. Hort Technology 21(1): 6–13.
Uddin, M.N., M.S. Rahman and M. Shahjahan. 2007. Effects of duckweed (Lemna minor) as supplementary feed on monoculture of GIFT strain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Progressive Agriculture 18(2): 183–188.
Williamson, L.C., S.P. Ribrioux, A.H. Fitter and H.O. Leyser. 2001. Phosphate availability regulates root system architecture in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 126(2): 875–882.
Xu, J. and G. Shen. 2011. Growing duckweed in swine wastewater for nutrient recovery and biomass production. Bioresource Technology 102(2): 848–853.
Yin, Y., C. Yu, L. Yu, J. Zhao, C. Sun, Y. Ma and G. Zhou. 2015. The influence of light intensity and photoperiod on duckweed biomass and starch accumulation for bioethanol production. Bioresource Technology 187: 84–90.