Evaluation of Hematology and Biochemistry of Cyprinus carpio Juveniles Exposed to NeemAzal Biopesticide: Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The concern over detrimental effects of chemical pesticide residues on the environment has enhanced the use of bio-pesticides that may also negatively impact aquatic ecosystems. The present study determined the 96‐h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of the NeemAzal (containing 10 g·L-1 azadirachtin) bio-pesticide and evaluated the sub-chronic effects of its sublethal doses (0.12, 0.24 and 0.36 mg·L-1) on blood and biochemistry of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with an average weight of 14.20±2.07 g. The 96-h LC50 was found to be 1.19 mg·L-1 of the pesticide. As NeemAzal content increased, the leukocyte count (WBC) and the level of creatinine (Cr), urea (BUN), cholesterol, glucose (GLU), neutrophils and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevated (p<0.05). Also, total proteins (TP), triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte count (RBC), lymphocytes and hematocrit (Hct) decreased (p<0.05) with increasing toxin doses. Insignificant difference was found between the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Levels of eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and albumin (ALP) of the exposed and controlled fish were also insignificant (p>0.05). The present investigation suggests that long-term exposure to NeemAzal can affect the hematological and biochemical parameters and can be harmful to C. carpio.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Agrahari, S., K. Gopal and K. Pandey. 2006. Biomarkers of monocrotophos in a freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Journal of Environmental Biology 27: 453–457.
Ahmad, Z. 2011. Acute toxicity and hematological changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) caused by diazinon exposure. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 13852–13859.
Ahmadi, K., A.R. Mirvaghefei, M. Banaee and A.R. Vosoghei. 2014. Effects of long-term diazinon exposure on some immunological and haematological parameters in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). Toxicology and Environmental Health Science 6: 1–7.
Anderson, T., L. Forlin, J. Hardig and A.A. Larsson. 2002. Physiological disturbances in fish living in coastal water polluted with bleached Kraft pulp mill effluents. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1525–1536.
Ansari, B.A. and M.K. Ahmad. 2010. Toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and neem based pesticide neemgold on zebrafish Danio rerio (Cyprinidae). Global Journal of Environmental Research 4: 151–154.
Ascher, K.R.S. 1993. Nonconventional insecticidal effects of pesticides available from the neem tree, zadirachta indica. Archive of insect Biochemistry and Physiology 22: 433–449.
Banaee, M., A.R. Mirvagefei, G.R. Rafei and B. Majazi Amiri. 2008. Effect of sub-lethal diazinon concentrations on blood plasma biochemistry. International Journal of Environmental Research 2: 189–198.
Banaee, M., A. Sureda, A.R. Mirvaghefi and K. Ahmadi. 2011. Effects of diazinon on biochemical parameters of blood in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 99: 1–6.
Bergmeyer, H.U., M. Horder and R. Rej. 1986. Approved recommendation on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 3. IFCC method for alanine aminotransferase. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 24: 481–495.
Bernardi, M.M., S.G. Dias and V.E. Barbosa. 2013. Neurotoxicity of neem commercial formulation (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Toxicology Pharmacology 38: 1276–1282.
Bernet, D., H. Schmidt, T. Wahli and P. Burkhardt-Holm. 2001. Effluent from a sewage treatment works causes changes in serum chemistry of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 48: 140–147.
Carvalho, C.S. and M.N. Fernandes. 2006. Effects of temperature on copper toxicity and hematological responses in the neotropical fish Prochilodus scrofa at low and high pH. Aquaculture 251: 109–117.
Das, B.K., S.C. Mukherjee and O. Murjani. 2002. Acute toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica) in Indian major carps. Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics 17: 23–33.
David, M., J. Sangeetha, J. Shrinivas, E.R. Harish and V.R. Naik. 2015. Effects of deltamethrin on haematological indices of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology 3: 37–43.
Dhara, K., S.J. Biswas and S.R. Karmakar. 2016. Study on the toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extracts as phytopiscicide on three life stages of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus Peters) with special reference to their ethological responses. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 3: 7–13.
Fazio, F., C. Saoca1, G. Piccione1, O. Sabri Kesbiç and U. Acar. 2016. Comparative study of some hematological and biochemical parameters of Italian and Turkish farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 16: 715–721.
Gholami, R., R. Davoodi, A. Oujifard and H.R. Nooryazdan. 2015. Chronic effects of NeemAzal on biochemical parameters of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon della. Aquaculture Research 47: 3867–3872.
Gill, T.S., H. Tewari and J. Pande. 1990. Use of fish enzyme system in monitoring water quality: effects of mercury on tissue enzymes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiololy Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 97: 287–292.
Hastuti, S., E. Supriyono, I. Mokoginta and Subandiyo. 2003. Blood response of giant gourami (Osphronemus gaouramy, Lac.) to the stress of environmental temperature changes. Journal of Akuakultur Indonesia 2(2): 73–77.
Khoshbavar-Rostami, H., M. Soltani and H.M.D. Hassan. 2004. Acute toxicity and some hematological and biochemical changes in giant sturgeon (Huso huso) exposed to diazinon. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 24: 92–99.
Li, L., S. Wang, Y. Shen, X. Xu, Y. Dang, M. Zhang, W. Huang and J. Li. 2020. Haematological and immunological plasma assays and histological study of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to determine health status. Aquaculture Research 51: 3685–3697.
Luo, X., Y. Ma, S. Wu and D. Wu. 1999. Two novel azadirachtin derivates from Azadirachta indica. Journal of Natural Products 62: 1022–1024.
Maitra, B., S. Sen and S. Homechaudhuri. 2014. Flow cytometric analysis of fish leukocytes as a model for toxicity produced by azadirachtin-based bioagro contaminant. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 96(2): 328–341.
Mariano, W.S., S.B. Azevedo, F.L. Gomes, L.B.D. Lima, S.E. Moron and M. Tavares-Dias. 2019. Physiological parameters of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes: Characidae) exposed to a biopesticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 91(2): e20180474. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180474.
Mariano, W.S., J. Oliveira-Lima, M.A. Santuci, L.B.D. Lima, S.E. Moron and M. Tavares-Dias. 2021. Can a biopesticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis affect the physiology and histomorphology of Arapaima gigas? Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 93(4): e20201715. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201715.
Martinez, C.B.R., M.Y. Nagae, C.T.B.V. Zaia and D.A.M. Zaia. 2004. Morphological and physiological acute effects of lead in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64: 797–807.
Megarani, D.V., A.B. Hardin, D. Arifianto, C.M. Santosa and S.I.O. Salasia. 2020. Comparative morphology and morphometry of blood cells in zebrafish (Daneo rerio), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59(6): 673–680.
Mishra, D., S.K. Srivastav and A.K. Srivastav. 2004. Plasma calcium and inorganic phosphate levels of a teleost Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to metacid-50. Malaysian Applied Biology 33: 19–25.
Mondal, D., S. Barat and M.K. Mukhopadhyay. 2007. Toxicity of neem pesticides on a fresh water loach, Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton Buchanan) of Darjeeling district in West Bengal. Journal of Environmental Biology 28: 119–122.
Murussi, C.R., C.C. Menezes, M.E.M. Nunes, M.C.S. Araujo, V.A. Quadros, D.B. Rosemberg and V.L. Loro. 2016. Azadirachtin, a neem-derived biopesticide, impairs behavioral and hematological parameters in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environmental Toxicology 31(11): 1381–1388.
Newcomb, T.W. 1974. Changes in blood chemistry of juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, following sublethal exposure to nitrogen super saturation. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31: 1953–1957.
Oujifard, A., R. Amiri, G. Shahhoseini, R. Davoodi and J. Amiri Moghadam. 2015. Effect of gamma radiation on the growth, survival, hematological and histological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae. Aquaculture Toxicology 165: 259–265.
Reddy, P.M. and M.D. Bashamohideen. 1989. Fenvalerate and cypermethrin induced changes in the hematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 17: 101–107.
Rao, J.V., G. Begum, R. Pallela, P.K. Usman and R.N. Rao. 2005. Changes in behavior and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis in response to the sub-lethal exposure to chlorpyrifos. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2(3–4): 478–483.
Reverter, M., N. Bontemps, D. Lechinni, B. Banaigs and P. Sasal. 2014. Use of plants extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: current status and future perspectives. Aquaculture 433: 50–61.
Saravanan, M., S. Karthika, A. Malarvizhi and M. Ramesh. 2011. Ecotoxicological impacts of clofibric acid and diclofenac in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings: Hematological, biochemical, ionoregulatory and enzymological responses. Journal of Hazardous Materials 195: 188–194.
Scott, G.R. and K.A. Sloman. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutantson complex fish behaviour: Integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquaculture Toxicology 68: 369–392.
Seyit, A., G. Nejdet and Y. Harun. 2000. Natural and experimental infections of Campylobacter cryaerophila in rainbow trout: gross pathology, bacteriology, clinical pathology and chemotherapy. Fish Path 35: 117–123.
Shamoushaki, M.N., M. Soltani, A. Kamali, M.R. Imanpoor, I. Sharifpour and H. Khara. 2012. Effects of organophosphate, diazinon on some haematological and biochemical changes in Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamensky, 1901) male brood stocks. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 1: 105–117.
Sopinska, A. and L. Guz. 1998. Influence of permethrin on phagocytic activity of carp. Med Wet 54: 126–128.
Svoboda, M., V. Luskova, J. Drastichova and Z.I. Abek. 2001. The effect of diazinon on haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Acta Veterinaria Brno 70: 457–465.
Velisek, J., Z. Svobodova and J. Machova. 2009. Effects of bifenthrin on some haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 35: 583–590.
Venkata Ramudu, M., M. Nagabhushan Reddv and P. Indira. 2009. Haematological studies in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (bloch) during sublethal toxicity of deltamethurin in relation to sex. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences 13: 79–84.
Wacker, W.E.C., D.D. Ulmer and B.L. Vallee. 1956. Metalloenzymes and myocardial infarction; malic and lactic dehydrogenase activities and zinc concentrations in serum. New England Journal of Medicine 255: 449–456.
Wedemeyer, G.A. and D.J. McLeay. 1981. Methods of determining the tolerance of fishes to environmental stressors. In: Stress and Fishes (ed. A.D. Pickering), pp 247–275. Academic Press, London, UK.
Winkaler, E.U., T.R.M. Santos, J.G. Machado-Neto and C.B.R. Martinez. 2007. Acute lethal and sub lethal effects of neem leaf extract on the neotropical freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 145: 236–244.
Yang, J.L. and H.C. Chen. 2003. Effects of gallium on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): acute test, serum biochemistry, and erythrocyte morphology. Chemosphere 53: 877–882.