Replacement of Fish Meal with a Combination of Fermented Fish and Soybean Meal in the Diet of Juvenile Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fish meal is commonly used as a protein source in fish feeds due to its high protein content. However, the supply of fish meal is becoming uncertain due to decreased stocks caused by climate change and overexploitation. Consequently, researchers are exploring less expensive alternatives to replace fish meal in fish feeds. This experiment aimed to determine the effects of replacing fish meal with a combination of soybean meal (SBM) and fermented fish (FF) in the diet on the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790). Six isonitrogenous (40%) and isolipidic (5%) experimental diets were formulated. Fish meal was replaced with 0% and 10% of SBM in diet 1 (D1) and diet 2 (D2), respectively. In the other four diets, FM was replaced by gradual levels of SBM and FF as follows (%SBM/%FF): 20/10, 20/20, 30/10, and 30/20 (designated as diet 3-diet 6; D3-D6). A commercial feed was used as a comparative diet (D7). Fish, with an initial weight of 3.32–3.33 g, were fed twice daily until satiation for 90 days. The final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed intake (FI) of fish fed D1 were significantly difference (p<0.05) but did not significantly differ from those of fish fed D2 and D3. Similarly, the FBW, SGR, and FI of fish fed D3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed D7. In conclusion, fish meal can be replaced by a combination of 20% SBM and 10% FF in the diet for juvenile Asian seabass without any adverse effects on growth performance, body indices and feed utilization.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). 1990. Animal feeds. In: Official Methods of Analysis. (ed. P.A. Cunniff), pp. 69–88. Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Boonyaratpalin, M. and K. Williams. 2002. Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. In: Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. (eds. C.D. Webter and C. Lim), pp. 40–50. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
Bulbul, M., M.A. Kader, M. Asaduzzaman, M.A. Ambak, A.J.K. Chowdhury, M.S. Hossain, M. Ishikawa and S. Koshio. 2016. Can canola meal and soybean meal be used as major dietary protein sources for kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus?. Aquaculture 452: 194–199.
Chataigner, M., M. Martin, C. Lucas, V. Pallet, S. Layé, A. Mehaignerie, E. Bouvret, A.L. Dinel and C. Joffre. 2021. Fish hydrolysate supplementation containing n–3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and peptides prevents lps-induced neuroinflammation. Nutrients 13(3): 824. DOI: 10.3390/nu13030824.
Cherdkeattipol, K., N. Chuchird, D. Chonudomkul, W. Yongmanitchai and P. Pichitkul. 2021. Effect of partial replacement of fish meal by Bacillus sp-fermented soybean meal on growth performance, immunity, hepatopancreas microbiota and disease resistance in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Fisheries and Environment 45(2): 32–42.
Fagbenro, O. and K. Jauncey. 1995. Growth and protein utilization by juvenile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed dry diets containing co-dried lactic-acid-fermented fish-silage and protein feedstuffs. Bioresource Technology 51(1): 29–35.
Fisheries Development Policy and Planning Division. 2021. Statistics of Fisheries Factory 2020. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 63 pp.
Fisheries Development Policy and Planning Division. 2023. Productivity and value of aquatic animals from Thailand fisheries 2021–2023. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 18 pp.
García-Rebollar, P., L. Cámara, R.P. Lázaro, C. Dapoza, R. Pérez-Maldonado and G.G. Mateos. 2016. Influence of the origin of the beans on the chemical composition and nutritive value of commercial soybean meals. Animal Feed Science and Technology 221: 245–261.
Glencross, B., D. Blyth, S. Irvin, N. Bourne, M. Campet, P. Boisot and N.M. Wade. 2016. An evaluation of the complete replacement of both fishmeal and fish oil in diets for juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture 451: 98–309.
Joerakate, W., S. Yenmak, W. Senanan, S. Tunkijjanukij, S. Koonawootrittriron and S. Poompuang. 2018. Growth performance and genetic diversity in four strains of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) cultivated in Thailand. Agriculture and Natural Resources 52(1): 93–98.
Kader, M.A., M. Bulbul, S. Koshio, M. Ishikawa, S. Yokoyama, B.T. Nguyen and C.F. Komilus. 2012. Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture 350–353: 109–116.
Li, X., L. Wang, C. Zhang, S. Rahimneiad, K. Song and X. Yuan. 2018. Effects of supplementing low-molecular-weight fish hydrolysate in high soybean meal diets on growth, antioxidant activity and non-specific immune response of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 18(5): 717–727.
Mondal, K., A. Kaviraj, P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M. Datta and C. Sengupta. 2007. Evaluation of fermented fish offal in formulated diet of the Indian major carp, rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria 37(2): 99–105.
Murray, A.L., R.J. Pascho, S.W. Alcorn, W.T. Fairgrieve, K.D. Shearer and D. Roley. 2003. Effects of various feed supplements containing fish protein hydrolysate or fish processing by-products on the innate immune functions of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 220(1–4): 643–653.
Oliveira Cavalheiro, J.M., E. Oliveira de Souza and P.S. Bora. 2007. Utilization of shrimp industry waste in the formulation of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) feed. Bioresource Technology 98(3): 602–606.
Phumee, P., W.Y. Wei, S. Ramachandran and R. Hashim. 2011. Evaluation of soybean meal in the formulated diets for juvenile Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878). Aquaculture Nutrition 17(2): 214–222.
Sae-alee, A. and C. Tantikitti. 2008. Tuna visceral hydrolysate prepared by different methods as a feed attractant for giant freshwater prawn, Macrobranchium rosenbergii. Thai Fisheries Gazette 61: 73–79.
Samaddar, A. 2018. A review of fish meal replacement with fermented biodegradable organic wastes in aquaculture. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 6(6): 203–208.
Sánchez‐Muros, M.J., P. Renteria, A. Vizcaino and F.G. Barroso. 2020. Innovative protein sources in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feeding. Reviews in Aquaculture 12(1): 186–203.
Song, Z., Li, H., J. Wang, P. Li, Y. Sun and L. Zhang. 2014. Effects of fishmeal replacement with soy protein hydrolysates on growth performance, blood biochemistry, gastrointestinal digestion and muscle composition of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture 426–427: 96–104.
Srichanun, M., C. Tantikitti, T.M. Kortner, Å. Krogdahl and R. Chotikachinda. 2014. Effects of different protein hydrolysate products and levels on growth, survival rate and digestive capacity in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) larvae. Aquaculture 428–429: 195–202.
Tantikitti, C., W. Sangpong and S. Chiavareesajja. 2005. Effects of defatted soybean protein levels on growth performance and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture 248(1–4): 41–50.
Tantikitti, C. 2014. Feed palatability and the alternative protein sources in shrimp feed. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 36(1): 51–55.
Tropea, A., A.G. Potortì, V. Lo Turco, E. Russo, R. Vadalà, R. Rando and G. Di Bella. 2021. Aquafeed production from fermented fish waste and lemon peel. Fermentation 7(4): 272–282.
Refstie, S., J.J. Olli and H. Standal. 2004. Feed intake, growth, and protein utilisation by post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in response to graded levels of fish protein hydrolysate in the diet. Aquaculture 239(1–4): 331–349.
Wangsoontorn, S., N. Chuchird, I. Wudtisin and A. crook. 2018. The effect of substituting fish meal with fermented soybean meal on the growth performance and immune parameters of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Fisheries and Environment 42(2): 32–40.
Wicki, G., O.G. Merino, P. Caló and F. Sal. 2012. Use of high content fish silage wet food in final growth out of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887) in Northeast Argentina. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology B 2: 307–311.
Zhang, Y., W. Ji, Y. Wu, H. Han, J. Qin and Y. Wang. 2016. Replacement of dietary fish meal by soybean meal supplemented with crystalline methionine for Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Aquaculture Research 47(1): 243–252.