Effect of Iron Nanoparticles on the Intestinal Bacterial Flora and Histology of the Intestine and Kidney in Stellate Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Regarding the important role of iron in the physiological process in fish bodies and the presence of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPS) in the aquatic environment, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of Fe-NPS on the intestinal bacterial flora and histology of the intestine and kidney in a stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771). Juvenile stellate sturgeon, averaging 182.09±9.05 g, were fed with diets containing varying doses of Fe-NPs: 0 (T0), 25 (T1), 50 (T2), and 100 (T3) mg per kg of food for 60 days. Based on the glucose and cortisol levels in different treatments, it seems that the best dose of Fe-NPs for stellate sturgeon was 50 mg·kg-1 food (T2) under experimental conditions. The most important histological changes observed in the intestine were the shortening of the intestinal villi, a high number of mucus-secreting cells, and mucosal secretions within the intestinal tract. These changes in the kidney were shrinkage of renal glomeruli, increasing Bowman’s capsule space, mild degeneration of renal tubules, and infiltration of white blood cells into the kidney tissue. The most effective dose of Fe-NPs was 50 mg·kg-1 Fe-NPs with a less negative effect on fish intestine and kidney histology. Fe-NPs led to a significant increase in the mean total count of aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. Generally, the fish food supplemented with 50 mg·kg-1 Fe-NPs led to the least stress and histological damage in the kidney and intestine and the highest number of intestinal bacterial flora in the stellate sturgeon.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abbas, W.T. 2021. Advantages and prospective challenges of nanotechnology applications in fish cultures: A comparative review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 7669–7690.
Aghamirkarimi, S., A. Mashinchilan Moradi, I. Sharifpour, S. Jamili and P. Ghavam Mostafavi. 2017. Sublethal effects of copper nanoparticles on the histology of gill, liver and kidney of the Caspian roach, Rutilus rutilus caspicus. Global Journal of Environmental Science Management 3: 323–332
Ali, A., H. Zafar, M. Zia, I. Ul Haq, A.R. Phull, J.S. Ali and A. Hussain. 2016. Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications 9: 49–67.
Araujo, J.M., R. Fortes-silva, C.C. Pola, F.Y. Yamamoto, D.M. Gatlin and C.L. Gomes. 2021. Delivery of selenium using chitosan nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant and growth effects in Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus). PLoS ONE 16: e0251786. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251786.
Behera, T., P. Swain, P. Rangacharulu Angacharulu and M. Samanta. 2014. Nano-Fe as feed additive improves the hematological and immunological parameters of fish, Labeo rohita H. Applied Nanoscience 4: 687–694.
Bury, N.R. and M. Grosell. 2003. Waterborne iron acquisition by a freshwater teleost fish, zebrafish Danio rerio. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 3529–3535.
Chandrapalan, T. and R.W. Kwong. 2021. Functional significance and physiological regulation of essential trace metals in fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 224: 238790. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238790.
Chebanov, M.S. and E.V. Galich. 2011. Sturgeon Hatchery Manual, 1st ed. Food and Agriculture Organization, Ankara, Turkey. 338 pp.
Ebrahimi, P., R. Changizi, S. Ghobadi, P. Shohreh and S. Vatandoust. 2020. Effect of Nano-Fe as feed supplement on growth performance, survival rate, blood parameters and immune functions of the Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 46: 493–500.
Fajardo, C., G. Martinez-Rodriguez, J. Blasco, J.M. Mancera, B. Thomas and M. De Donato. 2022. Nanotechnology in aquaculture: Applications, perspectives and regulatory challenges. Aquaculture and Fisheries 7: 185–200.
Florou-Paneri, P., E. Christaki and E. Bonos. 2013. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Source of Functional Ingredients, 1st ed. IntechOpen, Azores, Portugal. 672 pp.
Gurkan, M., S.E. Yılmaz and M. Ates. 2021. Comparative toxicity of alpha and gamma iron oxide nanoparticles in rainbow trout: Histopathology, hematology, accumulation, and oxidative stress. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 232: 1–14.
Hamed, H.S., R.M Amen, A.H. Elelemi, et al. 2022. Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves nanoparticles on growth performance, physiological, immunological responses, and liver antioxidant biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against zinc oxide nanoparticles toxicity. Fishes 7: 360. DOI: 10.3390/fishes7060360.
Hooshmand, S., S.M. Hayat, A. Ghorbani, M. Khatami, K. Pakravanan and M. Darroudi. 2021. Preparation and applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in novel drug delivery systems: An overview. Current medicinal chemistry 28: 777–799.
Hosseini, S., A. Kamali, M. Yazdani and H. Khara. 2019. Effect of different levels of iron sulfate on some haematological parameters of ship sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science 18: 163–172.
Jafari, S.M. and D.J. McClements. 2017. Nanotechnology approaches for increasing nutrient bioavailability. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 81: 1–30.
Khosravi, A. and S.K. Mazmanian. 2013. Disruption of the gut microbiome as a risk factor for microbial infections. Current Opinion in Microbiology 16: 221–227.
Milanova Sertova, N. 2020. Contribution of nanotechnology in animal and human health care. Advanced Materials Letters 11: 1–7.
Nayak, S.K. 2010. Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish. Aquaculture Research 41: 1553–1573.
Nirmalkar, R., E. Suresh, N. Felix, A. Kathirvelpandian, M.I. Nazir and A. Ranjan. 2023. Synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Sargassum wightii extract and its impact on serum biochemical profile and growth response of Etroplus suratensis juveniles. Biological Trace Element Research 201: 1451–1458.
Omidzahir, S., M. Alijanitabar Bayi, F. Karadel and M. Mazandarani. 2019. Effects of iron oxide nano-particles on the intestinal tissue of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Toxicology 13: 33–38.
Rajan, M. and J.J. Arockiaselvi. 2014. Isolation of intestinal microflora and its probiotic effect on feed utilization and growth of gold fish Carassius auratus. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 3: 685–688.
Rather, M., R. Sharma, M. Aklakur, S. Ahmad, N. Kumar, M. Khan and V. Ramya. 2011. Nanotechnology: A novel tool for aquaculture and fisheries development. A prospective mini-review. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 16: 1–5. DOI: 10.4172/2150-3508.1000016.
Sayadi, M. H., B.Mansouri, E. Shahri, C. R. Tyler, H. Shekari and J. Kharkan. 2020. Exposure effects of iron oxide nanoparticles and iron salts in blackfish (Capoeta fusca): Acute toxicity, bioaccumulation, depuration, and tissue histopathology. Chemosphere 247: 125900. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125900.
Shrivastava, S., T. Bera, A. Roy, G. Singh, P. Ramachandarao and D. Dash. 2007. Characterization of enhanced antibacterial effects of novel silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 18(22): 225103. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/22/225103.
Shubayev, V.I., T.R. Pisanic and S. Jin. 2009. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61: 467–477.
Slaoui, M., A.L Bauchet and L. Fiette. 2017. Tissue sampling and processing for histopathology evaluation. Drug Safety Evaluation: Methods and Protocols 36: 101–114.
Von der Heyden, B., A. Roychoudhury and S. Myneni. 2019. Iron-rich nanoparticles in natural aquatic environments. Minerals 9: 287. DOI: 10.3390/min9050287.
Yang, H., D. Liao, Z. Cai, Y. Zhang, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejheih, M. Zheng, J. Liu, Z. Bai and H.Song. 2023. Current status of Fe-based MOFs in biomedical applications. RSC Medicinal Chemistry 14: 2473–2495.