Acute Toxicity of DDT on Embryo and Larval Growth of the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793): A Case Study in the Saigon–Dongnai River, Vietnam
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Abstract
Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDTs) are potent organic toxins widely used in agriculture and malaria prevention. The extensive use of DDTs has raised concerns about their adverse impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of DDTs on Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae and embryos in the lower Sai Gon-Dong Nai River. We exposed oyster larvae and embryos to sediment samples containing DDT concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mgּּ·kg-1, as well as artificial seawater samples with DDT levels of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg·L-1. The analysis results revealed a significant adverse impact of DDTs on the survival ratio of larvae and the cell division of embryos in both water and sediment samples compared to control samples. The Effective Concentrations in embryo cell division capacity (EC50) after 2 and 24 h of exposure were 66.88 and 4.62 µg·L-1 in artificial seawater and 1.1 and 0.3 mg·kg-1 in sediment, respectively. Lethal Concentrations (LC50) were 4.62 µg·L-1 and 0.3 mg·kg-1, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images further confirmed the significant morphological disruptions caused by DDTs after 24 h of exposure. These findings indicate that DDT toxicity poses a threat to oyster farming in coastal areas, where chronic pesticide exposure is likely.
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