Synthesis and Characterization of Tricalcium Phosphate as Food Additives Derived from Gastropod (Murex sp.) Shell Waste
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Abstract
The gastropod (Murex sp.) shell is primarily composed of naturally formed calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This research aimed to utilize CaCO3 and calcium oxide (CaO) derived from gastropod shell waste for the synthesis of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) as food additives. The study focused on selecting appropriate starting materials and sustainable production processes. Initially, the shell waste was washed and dried before being heated at different temperatures: 300 °C to obtain CaCO3 and 900 °C to obtain CaO. Subsequently, dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was synthesized by mixing CaCO3 with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) until reaching a pH of 5. Finally, TCP was synthesized using a solid-state reaction method by mixing CaCO3 or CaO with DCP at a ratio of 1:2, then calcining the mixture at 900 °C. All obtained composites, including CaCO3, CaO, DCP, and TCP (synthesized from two alternative starting materials), were characterized using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer (STA). The results indicated the presence of the desired substances. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used as a tool to compare the environmental impacts of TCP synthesis using two alternative materials derived from gastropod shell waste. The results proved that TCP synthesized from CaCO3 exhibited more sustainable production processes and lower environmental impacts than TCP synthesized from CaO.
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