Effects of Density, Morphology, and Photosynthetic Activity in Seaweeds on Nutrient Absorption from Fish Culture Effluent
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The use of seaweed for nutrient absorption in aquaculture effluent has gained significant attention. This study investigated the effects of density and surface area-to-volume (SA:V) ratios of three seaweeds: Caulerpa lentillifera, Ulva rigida, and Gracilaria fisheri, on nutrient uptake in fish culture effluent. Nutrients absorption of NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, and PO43- was measured at algal densities of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g·L-1 every hour over a 24 h period. Optimal absorption of NO2-, NO3- and PO43- by all three seaweeds occurred at a density of 30 g·L-1 within 24 h; with maximum removal efficiencies for C. lentillifera reaching 86.03%, 74.08%, and 100%, respectively; for U. rigida, 87.33%, 76.51%, and 100%, and for G. fisheri, 87.82%, 73.77%, and 100%, respectively. At 40 g·L-1, both C. lentillifera and U. rigida achieved 100% NH4+ removal within 20 h, while G. fisheri showed 100% NH4+ removal within 18 h at a density of 20 g·L-1. In this study, U. rigida exhibited the highest SA:V ratio (12.99±0.06 cm2:cm3), surpassing that of C. lentillifera (4.48±0.33 cm2:cm3) and G. fisheri (4.07±0.17 cm2:cm3). The SA:V ratio had a positive correlation with total nitrogen reduction, Pnet and Fv/Fm. Due to its high SA:V ratio and sheet like morphology, U. rigida was the most effective at nutrient absorption compared to the siphonous-like C. lentillifera and cylindrical, bush-like G. fisheri. These results highlight the influence of photosynthetic response on nutrient absorption with varying algal densities and SA:V ratios, identifying an optimum density of 30 g·L-1 for green algae and 40 g·L-1 for red algae.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Al-Hafedh, Y.S., A. Alam, A.H. Buschmann and K.M. Fitzsimmons. 2012. Experiments on an integrated aquaculture system (seaweeds and marine fish) on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia: efficiency comparison of two local seaweed species for nutrient biofiltration and production. Reviews in Aquaculture 4(1): 21–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01057.x.
Al-Hafedh, Y.S., A. Alam and A.H. Buschmann. 2014. Bioremediation potential, growth and biomass yield of the green seaweed, Ulva lactuca in an integrated marine aquaculture system at the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia at different stocking densities and effluent flow rates. Reviews in Aquaculture 6: 1–11. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12060.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed. American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.C., USA. 1288 pp.
Ashkenazi, D.Y., A. Israel and A. Abelson. 2019. A novel two-stage seaweed integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture 11: 246–262. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12238.
Badraeni, B., H. Azis, J. Tresnati and A. Tuwo. 2020. Seaweed Gracilaria changii as a bioremediator agent for ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in controlled tanks of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. IOP Conference Series.: Earth and Environmental Science 564: 012059. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/564/1/012059.
Brito, L.O., R. Arantes, C. Magnotti, R. Derner, F. Pchara, A. Olivera and L. Vinatea. 2014. Water quality and growth of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in co-culture with green seaweed Ulva lactuca (Linaeus) in intensive system. Aquaculture International 22: 497–508. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-013-9659-0.
Chaitanawisuti, N., W. Santhaweesuk and S. Kritsanapuntu. 2011. Performance of the seaweeds Gracilaria salicornia and Caulerpa lentillifera as biofilters in a hatchery scale recirculating aquaculture system for juvenile spotted babylons (Babylonia areolata). Aquaculture International 19: 1139–1150. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-011-9429-9.
Chopin, T., A.H. Buschmann, C. Halling, M. Troell, N. Kautsky, A. Neori and C. Neefus. 2001. Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key toward sustainability. Journal of Phycology 37: 975–986. DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01137.x.
Copertino, M.S., T. Tormena and U. Seeliger. 2009. Biofiltering efficiency, uptake and assimilation rates of Ulva clathrata (Roth) J. Agardh (Chlorophyceae) cultivated in shrimp aquaculture waste water. Journal of Applied Phycology 21: 31–45.
DOI: 10.1007/s10811-008-9357-x.
Du, R., L. Liu, A. Wang and Y. Wang. 2013. Effects of temperature, algae biomass and ambient nutrient on the absorption of dissolved nitrogen and phosphate by Rhodophyte Gracilaria asiatica. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 31: 353–365. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-013-2114-2.
Elizondo-González, R., E. Quiroz-Guzmán, C. Escobedo-Fregoso, P. Magallón-Servín and A. Peña-Rodríguez. 2018. Use of seaweed Ulva lactuca for water bioremediation and as feed additive for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. PeerJ 6: e4459. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4459.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020–Sustainability in Action. FAO, Rome, Italy. 224 pp.
Gacia, E., M.M. Littler and D.S. Littler. 1996. The relationships between morphology and photosynthetic parameters within the polymorphic genus Caulerpa. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 204: 209–224.
Gao, G., A.S. Clare, C. Rose and G.S. Caldwell. 2018. Ulva rigida in the future ocean: potential for carbon capture, bioremediation and biomethane production. GCB Bioenergy 10: 39–51. DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12465.
Gaylord, B., J.H. Rosman, D.C. Reed, et al. 2007. Spatial patterns of flow and their modification within and around a giant kelp forest. Limnology and Oceanography 52(5): 1838–1852. DOI: 10.4319/lo.2007.52.5.1838.
Hajisamae, S., P. Madyusoh and H. Mutichun. 2022. Effect of seaweed on water treatment for mud crab fattening in the recirculating condo system. Proceedings on Insan Junior Researchers International Conference (IJURECON) 2022: 135–139.
Hurd, C.L. 2000. Water motion, marine macroalgal physiology, and production. Journal of Phycology 36(3): 453–472. DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99139.x.
Jiang, H., D. Zou, W. Lou and Y. Yang. 2017. The photosynthetic responses to stocking depth and algal mat density in the farmed seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 25309–25314. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0198-5.
Johansson, G. and P. Snoeijs. 2002. Macroalgal photosynthetic responses to light in relation to thallus morphology and depth zonation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244: 63–72.
Kang, Y.H., S.R. Park and I.K. Chung. 2011. Biofiltration efficiency and biochemical composition of three seaweed species cultivated in a fish-seaweed integrated culture. Algae 26: 97–108. DOI: 10.4490/algae.2011.26.1.097.
Kang, Y.H., S. Kim, S.K. Choi, H.J. Lee, I.K. Chung and S.R. Park. 2021. A comparison of the bioremediation potential of five seaweed species in an integrated fish-seaweed aquaculture system: implication for a multi-species seaweed culture. Reviews in Aquaculture 13: 353–364. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12478.
Kunawongdet, P. 2020. Biological water treatment in recirculating aquaculture system by using Caulerpa lentillifera J Agardh. Burapha Science Journal 25: 509–523. (in Thai)
Lewmanomont, K. and A. Chirapart. 2022. Biodiversity, cultivation and utilization of seaweeds in Thailand: An overview. In: Sustainable global resources of seaweeds: Industrial perspectives, Volume 1. (eds. G.A. Ravishankar and A.R. Rao), pp. 91–107. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.
Li, G., Z. Qin, J. Zhang, Q. Lin, G. Ni, Y. Tan and D. Zou. 2020. Algal density mediates the photosynthetic responses of a marine macroalga Ulva conglobata (Chlorophyta) to temperature and pH changes. Algal Research 46: 101797. DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101797.
Liu, H., F. Wang, Q. Wang, S. Dong and X. Tian. 2016. A comparative study of the nutrient uptake and growth capacities of seaweeds Caulerpa lentillifera and Gracilaria lichenoides. Journal of Applied Phycology 28: 3083–3089. DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-0858-8.
Manori Bambaranda, B.V.A.S., N. Sasaki, A. Chirapart, K.R. Salin and T.W. Tsusaka. 2019a. Optimization of macroalgal density and salinity for nutrient removal by Caulerpa lentillifera from aquaculture effluent. Process 7(303): 1–16. DOI: 10.3390/pr7050303.
Manori Bambaranda, B.V.A.S., T.W. Tsusaka, A. Chirapart, K.R. Salin and N. Sasaki. 2019b. Capacity of Caulerpa lentillifera in the removal of fish culture effluent in a recirculating aquaculture system. Process 7(440): 1–15. DOI: 10.3390/pr7070440.
Mauseth, J.D. 2000. Theoretical aspects of surface-to-volume ratios and water-storage capacities of succulent shoots. American Journal of Botany 87(8): 1107–1115. DOI: 10.2307/2656647.
Maxwell, K and G.N. Johnson. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence–a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany 51: 659–668. DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659.
Neori, A., T. Chopin, M. Troell, A.H. Buschmann, G.P. Kraemer, C. Halling and C. Yarish. 2004. Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture. Aquaculture 231: 361–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.015.
Notification of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 2004. The Royal Government Gazette, Volume 121, Part 49 D. Cabinet and Royal Gazzette Publishing Office, Bangkok, Thailand. 1–4 pp.
Portillo-Clark, G., R. Casillas-Hernández, R. Servín-Villegas and F.J. Magallón-Barajas. 2013. Growth and survival of the juvenile yellowleg shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis cohabiting with the green feather alga Caulerpa sertularioides at different temperatures. Aquaculture Research 44: 22–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03002.x.
Rattanasaensri, S., N. Muangmai, J. Praiboon and A. Chirapart. 2020. Photosynthetic response of filamentous green algae (Oedogonium) to irradiance and temperature variations. Journal of Fisheries and Environment 44(3): 66–80.
Rees, T.A.V. 2003. Safety factors and nutrient uptake by seaweeds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263: 29–42. DOI: 10.3354/meps263029.
Richards, D.K., C.L. Hurd, D.W. Pritchard, S.R. Wing and C.D. Hepburn. 2011. Photosynthetic response of monospecific macroalgal stands to density. Aquatic Biology 13: 41–49. DOI: 10.3354/ab00349.
Rosenberg, G. and J. Ramus. 1984. Uptake of inorganic nitrogen and seaweed surface area: volume ratios Aquatic Botany 19: 65–72.
Ruangchuay, R., A. Chirapart and K. Lewmanomont. 2024. Algae mediated bioremediation in Thailand: An overview. In: Algae Mediated Bioremediation: Industrial Prospectives, Volume 2. (eds. G.A. Ravishankar, A.R. Rao and S.K. Kim), pp. 683–700. WILEY-VCH GmbH publisher, Weinheim, Germany.
Schreiber, U., H. Hormann, C. Neubauer and C. Klughammer. 1995. Assessment of photosystem II photochemical quantum yield by chlorophyll fluorescence quenching analysis. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22: 209–220.
Stewart, H.L. and R.C. Carpenter. 2003. The effects of morphology and water flow on photosynthesis of marine macroalgae. Ecology 84: 2999–3012. DOI: 10.1890/02-0092.
Suphawinyoo, K., Y. Savangarrom, K. Srisukphu, N. Butwan, S. Rungsang, N. Kannika, C. Somchit and T. Weeplian. 2020. Efficiency of Gracilaria fisheri in reducing nitrogen compounds and orthophosphates in water treatment. Journal of Vocational Institute of Agriculture 4(1): 39–49. (in Thai)
Taylor, R.B., J.T. A. Peek and T.A.V. Rees. 1998. Scaling of ammonium uptake by seaweeds to surface area:volume ratio: geographical variation and the role of uptake by passive diffusion. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169: 143–148.
Thongcanarak, P. and Y. Predalumpaburt. 2008. Comparison the Efficiency of 4 Seaweed in the Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphate in Effluent from Orange Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides Hamilton, 1822) Culture. Technical Paper No. 40/2008. Coastal Aquaculture Research Institute, Bureau of Coastal Fisheries Research and Development, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Bangkok, Thailand. 32 pp. (in Thai)
Vogel, S. 1988. Life's Devices: The Physical World of Animals and Plants. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. 384 pp.
