Impact of Dietary Nutmeg (Monodora myristica) Seed Extract on Growth Performance, Immune Response, Gut Morphology, Liver Indices, and Hematological Parameters in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The use of synthetic chemicals as growth promoters and immune boosters in intensive aquaculture has significant negative impacts on the aquatic environment and poses potential risks to human health, necessitating the need for organic alternatives. This study investigated the effects of ethanol extract from Monodora myristica seed (EMM) as a growth promoter, immune booster, and gut area modulator in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The crude extract was obtained using a conventional method from finely ground, dried seeds of M. myristica. The extract was incorporated into a 40% crude protein diet at inclusion levels of 0.00% (M0), 0.05% (M1), 0.10% (M2), 0.15% (M3), and 0.20% (M4). These five diets were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of C. gariepinus (2.32±0.03 g), housed in 15 plastic aquaria for 84 days. Results showed that growth performance and feed conversion ratio were improved in the M2 group. Fish fed EMM diets also exhibited increased gut absorption area. Changes in the haematological indices, serum biochemistry, and liver oxidative biomarkers indicated enhanced anti-oxidant and immune responses with EMM inclusion. Specifically, total protein, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and glutathione S‐transferase levels significantly increased (p<0.05). Survival rates were higher in M2 and M3 (91.00%) than in the control group (86.67%). This study highlights the positive effects of EMM inclusion at a moderate concentration (0.10%) in the diet of C. gariepinus, particularly on immune response and survival rate.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abdelsalam, M., M.Y. Elgendy, M. Shaalan, M. Moustafa and M. Fujino. 2017. Rapid identification of pathogenic streptococci isolated from moribund red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 65(1): 50–59. DOI: 10.1556/004.2017.005.
Abdel‐Tawwab, M., I. Adeshina, A. Jenyo‐Oni, E.K. Ajani and B.O. Emikpe. 2018. Growth, physiological, antioxidants, and immune response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), to dietary clove basil, Ocimum gratissimum, leaf extract and its susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 78: 346–354. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.057.
Agiriga, A. and M. Siwela. 2017. Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal: A plant with multiple food, health and medicinal applications: A Review. American Journal of Food Technology 12: 271–284. DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2017.271.284.
Ajani, E.K., O. Orisasona, O.K. Kareem, E.F. Osho, A.O. Adeyemo, B.O. Omitoyin and A.O. Adekanmbi. 2020. Growth Performance, gut ecology, immunocompetence and resistance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed dietary Curcumin longa. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 78: 145–156. DOI: 10.2478/cjf-2020-0014.
Association of Officiating Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 2005. Official method of Analysis, 18th ed. Association of Officiating Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C., USA. 25 pp.
Atun, S., K.R. Pertiwi, I.Y.M. Shilokhah, M. Qolbiah and S. Safa. 2023. Analysis of phenolic content and antioxidant activities of water and ethanol extract of some herbs commonly used as immune booster. The 8th International Conference on Research, Implementation, and Education of Mathematics and Sciences. AIP Conference Proceedings 2023: 010001. DOI: 10.1063/12.0012061.
Benito, S. 2022. Herbal glycosides in healthcare. In: Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications (eds. S.C. Mandal, A.K. Nayak and A.K. Dhara). pp 239–282. Academic Press, USA. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-85852-6.00021-4.
Carleton, H.M., R.A.B. Drury and E.A. Wallington. 1967. Carleton's histological techniques (eds. R.A.B. Drury and E.A. Wallington), pp. 279–280. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
Castell, J.D., Tiews, K., International Union of Nutritional Sciences and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 1980. Report of the EIFAC, IUNS and ICES Working Group on Standardization of Methodology in Fish Nutrition Research: (Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, 21-23 March 1979). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hamburg, Germany. 24 pp.
Culling, C.F.A. 1974. Handbook on histopathological and histochemical techniques: Including museum techniques, 3rd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. 726 pp.
Dadras, H., M.R. Hayatbaksh and A. Golpour. 2019. Dietary administration of common sage (Salvia officinalis) and coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia) extracts affects growth, blood parameters and immune responses of Beluga, Huso huso Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 20(5): 367–374. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v20_5_05.
Das, A., S. Katole, A. Kumar, S.P. Gupta, M. Saini and D. Swarup. 2012. Feed consumption, nutrient utilization and serum metabolite profile of captive blackbucks (Antelope cervicapra) fed diets varying in crude protein content. Journal of animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96: 442–449.
Eyarefe, O.D., B.O. Emikpe and O.A. Arowolo. 2008. Small bowel responses to enteral honey and glutamine administration following massive small bowel resection in rabbits. African Journal of Medical Science 37: 309–314.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2020. FAO Global Fishery and Aquaculture Production Statistics (FishStat) March 2020. http://www.fao.org/ fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en. Cited 24 Nov 2023.
Fournier G., M. Leboeuf and A. Cave. 1999. Annonaceae essential oils: A review. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11: 131–142.
Habig, W.H., M.J. Pabst and W.B. Jakoby. 1974. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249: 7130–9.
Ilavazhahan, M., R. Tamilselvi and L.B Sujatha. 2012. Biochemical alteration in the muscle, liver, kidney and brain of a fresh water fish, Catla (Ham.) exposure of a heavy metal toxicant ferrous sulphate. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 5(2): 261–272.
Jahanjoo, V., M. Yahyavi, R. Akrami and A.H. Bahri. 2018. Influence of adding garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and their combination on the growth performance, haemato-immunological parameters and disease resistance to Photobacterium damselae in Sobaity Sea Bream (Sparidentex hasta) fry. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 18: 633–645.
Jain, C.N. 1986. Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology, 4th ed. Lee and Febiger Publishing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1221 pp.
Jollow, D.J., J.R. Michell, I. Zampaglionic and J.R. Gillete. 1974. Bromobenzene-induced Liver necrosis: Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3, 4- Bromobenzene oxide as hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacology 11: 151–169. DOI:10.1159/000136485.
Kaleem, O. and A. Sabi. 2021. Overview of aquaculture systems in Egypt and Nigeria, prospects, potentials, and constraints. Aquaculture and Fisheries 6(6): 535–547. DOI: 1016/j.aaf.2020.07.017.
Kaplow, L.S. 1955. A histochemical procedure for localizing and valuating leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in smears of blood and marrow. Blood 10: 1023. DOI: 10.1182/blood.V10.10.1023.1023.
Kroismay, A., T. Steiner and C. Zhang. 2006. Influence of a phytogenic feed additive on performance of weaner piglets. Journal of Animal Science 84: 329.
Lawhavinit, O., P. Sincharoenpokai and P. Sunthornandh. 2011. Effects of ethanol tumeric (curcuma longa l.) extract against shrimp pathogenic vibrio spp. and on growth performance and immune status of white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei). Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science 45: 70–77.
Lim, K.J.A., A.A. Cabajar, C.F.Y Lobarbio, et al. 2019. Extraction of bioactive compounds from mango (Mangifera indica L. var. Carabao) seed kernel with ethanol–water binary solvent systems. Journal of Food Science and Technology 56: 2536–2544 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03732-7.
Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. Biological Chemistry 193: 265–275.
Mariana, T.C., C.B.S. Machado Mello and M.D. Hubinger. 2013. Study of alcoholic and aqueous extraction of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) natural antioxidants and extracts concentration by nanofiltration. Journal of Food Engineering 117(4): 450–457.
McCord, J.M. and I. Fridovich. 1969. Superoxide dismutase an enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein), Journal of Biological Chemistry 244: 6049–6055.
Merrifield, D., G. Harper, A.Dimitroglou, E. Ringoe and S. Davies. 2010. Possible influence of probiotic adhesion to intestinal mucosa on the activity and morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) enterocytes. Aquaculture Research 41: 1268–1272. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02397.x.
Nwanna, L.C., E.K Ajani and S.F. Bamidele. 2014. Use of lactic acid bacteria from Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as probiotics for sustainable production and improvement in welfare of the Fish. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture ‐ BAMIDGEH 66: 977. DOI: 10.46989/001c.20739.
Okwu, D.E. 2004. Phytochemicals and vitamin content of indigenous spices of South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment 6: 30–34.
Omitoyin, B.O., E.K. Ajani., B.T. Adesina and C.N.F. Okuagu. 2006. Toxicity of lindane (gamma hexachloro‐cyclottexane) to Clarias gariepinus (Buchel, 1822). World Journal of Zoology 1: 57–63.
Omitoyin, B.O., E.K. Ajani, O. Orisasona, H.E Bassey, O.K Kareem and E.F. Osho. 2019. Effect of Guava Psidium guajava (L.) aqueous extract diet on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response and survival of Oreochromis niloticus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research 50: 1851–1861. DOI: 10.1111/are.14068.
Peterson, B.C., M.H. Bosworth, R. Li, Beltran and G.A. Santos. 2014. Assessment of a phytogenic feed additive (Digestarom P.E.P. MGE) on growth performance, processing yield, fillet composition and survival of channel catfish. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 45: 206–212. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12103.
Rajaraman, V., B.J. Nonnecke, S.T. Franklin, D.C. Hammell and R.L Horst. 1998. Effect of Vitamins A and E on nitric oxide production by blood mononuclear leukocytes from neonatal calves fed milk replaced milk replacer. Journal of Dairy Science 81(12): 3278–3285. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75892-8.
Reitman, S. and S. Frankel. 1957. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases, American Journal of Clinical Pathology 28: 56–63.
Seneme, E.F., D.C. dos Santos, E.M.R. Silva, Y.E.M. Franco and G.B. Longato. 2021. Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of myristicin: A literature review. Molecules 26: 5914. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195914.
Sinha, A.K. 1972. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry 47: 389–394.
Sodamola, M.O., Y.A. Adejola, K.T. Akanni, I.K. Ibrahim, A.K. Fajobi and D.C. Aniche. 2017. Effect of nutmeg (Myristica Fragrans) as an additive on the growth performance of juvenile catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of FisheriesSciences.Com 11(2): 60–63.
Svobodová, Z., D. Pravda and J. Palácḱova and Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology. 1991. Unified Methods of Haematological Examination of Fish. Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodany, Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic. 31 pp.
Thomsone, L., Z. Kruma and R. Galoburda. 2012. Comparison of different solvents and extraction methods for isolation of phenolic compounds from horseradish roots (Armoracia rusticana). International Scholarly and Scientific Research and Innovation 6(4): 1155–1160.
Tietz, N.W., C.A. Burtis, P. Duncan, K. Ervin, C.J. Petitclerc, A.D. Rinker, D. Shuey and E.R. Zygowicz. 1983. A reference method for measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum, Clinical Chemistry 29: 751–761.
Trease, G.E. and W.C. Evans 2002. Pharmacognosy, 15th ed. Saunders Publishers, London, UK. 616 pp.
Ukoroije, B.R., J.R.N. Abowei and R.A. Otayoor. 2018. The Efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Powder and Ethanol Extract on Adult Periplanata americana under Laboratory Condition. Open Access Library Journal 5: e4455. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1104455.
Vankampen, E.J. and W.G. Ziglstra. 1961. Standardization of hemoglobinometry. II. The hemiglobincyanide method, CLIN CHIM. ACTA 6: 538-44. DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(61)90145-0.
Vashney, R. and R.K. Kale. 1990. Effects of calmodulin Antagoniss. International Journal of Radiation Biology 58: 733–743. DOI: 10.1080/09553009014552121.
Yousefi, M., S. Hoseini, Y. Vatnikov, E. Kulikov and S. Drukovskiy. 2019. Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquaculture. 505: 473–480. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.02.070.
