Field-Based Assessment of Aluminum Industry Effluent: Hematological and Biochemical Responses of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
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Abstract
The presence of unacceptable levels of heavy metals from untreated effluents and other contaminants can destabilize ecosystems, leading to physiological changes in aquatic organisms. To investigate this concern, water samples and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from three locations along the Mbaa River to assess heavy metal concentrations in the water and the physiological profiles of the fish. The sampling sites, designated as Site A, B and C, were spaced 50 m apart. Site A was located upper stream; Site B was situated at the point source of an aluminium industry and represented the midstream area, while Site C was down-stream. A fish farm at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, served as the control site. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the concentrations of lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, and iron in water samples from Site B compared to the other sites and the control. Morphological indices of the fish showed no significant difference in body weight, liver weight, or fork length across all stations. However, compared to the control, fish from Site B exhibited a decrease in red blood cell (RBC) count and packed cell volume (PCV), along with a significant increase (p<0.05) in white blood cell (WBC) count. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase did not show significant variation among fish from different sites. The findings of this study contribute to environmental monitoring and conservation efforts, highlighting the need for proper treatment of industrial effluents prior to discharge into aquatic environments in order to mitigate their impact on fish populations.
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