Pilot Survey of Corallimorpharian (Cnidaria) Diversity in the Gulf of Thailand
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Keywords:
Corallimorpharian mitochondrial sequence mushroom anemone diversity
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Abstract
Corallimorpharians, or coral-like sea anemones, are globally distributed throughout the coral reef ecosystems. Their occurrence within Thai waters, however, has been less studied and information relating to their taxonomy is highly required. The present study aims to conduct a taxonomical survey of corallimorpharians along the Gulf of Thailand. Both morphology and nucleotide sequence information were used for identification. Extensive surveys were conducted from November 2010 to December 2011, during which corallimorpharian samples were collected through a series of scuba dives. Three genera of the family Discosomatidae were found. Rhodactis sp. was the most commonly encountered at nearly all sites, occupyingboth coral reefs and rocky habitats. Rhodactis sp. samples were notably dominant in all the sampling locations within Chuang Island (Chonburi). Metarhodactis sp. samples were found at Kut Island (Trat), Samet Island (Rayong) and Ngam Noi Island (Chumphon), typically on shallow coral reefs at depths of 3-10 meters. The single species of Amplexidiscus, A. fenestrafer Dunn and Hamner, 1980, was found at a small number of sites, including Chuang Island (Chonburi), Rang Island, and Kut Island (both in Trat). Nucleotide sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and small subunit ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA) genes, however, permits ready genus discrimination and identification which is feasibly informative in the taxonomical classification of other corallimorpharians.
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Nilkerd, B., Swatdipong, A., Salaenoil, J., & Tunkijjanukij, S. (2015). Pilot Survey of Corallimorpharian (Cnidaria) Diversity in the Gulf of Thailand. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 39(3), 30–42. Retrieved from https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JFE/article/view/80520
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References
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23. Langmead, O. and N.E. Chadwick-Furman. 1999. Marginal tentacles of the corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma 1. Role in competition for space. Mar Biol 134: 479–489.
24. Medina, M., A.G. Collins., T.L. Takaoka., J.V. Kuehl and J.L. Boore. 2006. Naked corals: Skeleton loss in Scleractinia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 9096–9100.
25. Muhando, C.A., B.L. Kuguru., G.M. Wagner., N.E. Mbije and M.C. Öhman. 2002. Environmental effects on the distribution of corallimorpharians in Tanzania. Ambio 31: 558–561.
26. Nei, M. and T. Gojobori. 1986. Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol Biol Evol 3:418–426.
27. Posada, D. and K.A. Crandall. 1998. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
28. Putchakarn, S., S. Munkongsomboon., T. Noiraksar and P. Sonchaeng 1997. Biodiversity of marine animals in coral reefs along the eastern coast of Thailand (Chonburi Province). Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University, 131 pp.
29. Saitou, N. and M. Nei. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4: 406–425.
30. Stephenson, T.A. 1922. On the classification of Actiniaria. Part III. Q J Microsc Sci (New Series) 66: 247–319.
31. Tamura, K., D. Peterson., N. Peterson., G. Stecher., M. Nei and S. Kumar. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
2. Cha, H. 2001. Systematics of the order Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, 217 pp.
3. Chadwick, N.E. and C. Adams. 1991. Locomotion, asexual reproduction and the killing of corals by the corallimorpharian Corynactis californica. In: Coelenterate biology: recent research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora (ed. R.B. Williams, P.F.S. Cornelius, G.R. Hughes and A.E. Robson), pp. 263-269. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrech.
4. Chadwick, N.E. 1991. Spatial distribution and the effects of competition on some temperate Scleractinia and Corallimorpharia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 70: 39–48.
5. Chadwick-Furman, N. E. and M. Spiegel. 2000. Abundance and clonal replication in the tropical corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma. Invertebrate Biology 119: 351–360.
6. Carlgren, O. 1943. East-Asiatic Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20: 1–43.
7. Carlgren, O. 1949. A survey of the Ptychodactaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1: 1–121.
8. Chen, C.A., B.L. Willis and D.J. Miller. 1996. Systematic relationships between tropical Corallimorpharians (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Corallimorpharia): Utility of the 5.8S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA transcription unit. Bull Mar Scien 59: 196–208.
9. Daly, M., D.G. Fautin and A.V. Cappola. 2003. Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zool J Linn Soc 139: 419–437.
10. Dunn, D.F. and W.M. Hamner .1980. Amplexidiscus fenestrafer n. gen., n. sp. (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), a tropical Indo-Pacific Corallimorpharian. Micronesica 16: 29–36.
11. Dokkaew, S. and P. Pichitkul. 2006. A survey of Corallimorpharian (Class Anthozoa : Order Corallimorpharia) in Amphoe Ban Chang, Rayong Province. Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 9 pp.
12. Elliott, J. and C.B. Cook. 1989. Did variation in prey capture behavior by the Corallimorpharian Discosoma sanctithomae: Mechanical and chemical activation of feeding. Biol. Bull. 176: 218–228.
13. Fautin, D.G. 2006. Hexacorallians of the world: sea anemones, corals, and their allies. Available at: https://hercules.kgs.ku.edu/hexacoral/anemone2/index.cfm (accessed on 2 January 2013)
14. Fautin, D.G. and R.M. Mariscal. 1991. Cnidaria: Anthozoa. In: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates (ed. F.W. Harrison and J.A. Westfall), pp. 267–358., Vol. 2. New York: Wiley-Liss.
15. Fautin, D.G., T.R. White and K.E. Pearson. 2002. Two new species of deep-water Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Northeast Pacific, Corallimorphus denhartogi and C. Pilatus. Pac Sci 56: 113–124.
16. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
17. Fukami, H., C.A. Chen., A.F. Budd., A. Collins., C. Wallace., Y-Y. Chuang., C. Chen., C.F. Dai., K. Iwao., C. Sheppard and N. Knowlton. 2008. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not (order Scleractinia, class Anthozoa, phylum Cnidaria). Plos One 3: 1–9.
18. Gravier, C. 1922. Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht parAlbert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco publiés sous sa direction avec le concours de M. Jules Richard. Imprimerie de Monaco. Monaco. 104 pp.
19. Hall, T. 2007. BioEdit: Biological sequence allignement editor for Win95/98/NT/2K/XP. Carlsbad, CA: Ibis Biosciences. Available at: https://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/ (accessed on 13 September 2011)
20. den Hartog, J.C. 1977. The marginal tentacles of Rhodactis sanctithomae (Corallimorpharia) and the sweeper tentacles of Montastrea cavernosa (Scleractinia): Their cnidom and possible function, pp. 1:463-469. In: Proceeding of the 3rd international coral reef symposium. Miami. USA.
21. den Hartog, J.C. 1980. Caribbean shallow water Corallimorpharia. Zool Verh 176: 1–82.
22. den Hartog, J.C., O. Ocaña and A. Brito. 1993. Corallimorpharia collected during the CANCAP expeditions (1976-1986) in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic. Zool Verh 282: 3–76.
23. Langmead, O. and N.E. Chadwick-Furman. 1999. Marginal tentacles of the corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma 1. Role in competition for space. Mar Biol 134: 479–489.
24. Medina, M., A.G. Collins., T.L. Takaoka., J.V. Kuehl and J.L. Boore. 2006. Naked corals: Skeleton loss in Scleractinia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 9096–9100.
25. Muhando, C.A., B.L. Kuguru., G.M. Wagner., N.E. Mbije and M.C. Öhman. 2002. Environmental effects on the distribution of corallimorpharians in Tanzania. Ambio 31: 558–561.
26. Nei, M. and T. Gojobori. 1986. Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol Biol Evol 3:418–426.
27. Posada, D. and K.A. Crandall. 1998. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
28. Putchakarn, S., S. Munkongsomboon., T. Noiraksar and P. Sonchaeng 1997. Biodiversity of marine animals in coral reefs along the eastern coast of Thailand (Chonburi Province). Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University, 131 pp.
29. Saitou, N. and M. Nei. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4: 406–425.
30. Stephenson, T.A. 1922. On the classification of Actiniaria. Part III. Q J Microsc Sci (New Series) 66: 247–319.
31. Tamura, K., D. Peterson., N. Peterson., G. Stecher., M. Nei and S. Kumar. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.