Diversity of Coral Reef Fishes at Racha Yai Island, Thailand
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Published:
Apr 5, 2017
Keywords:
Khonkae bay Margalef’s richness (D) Patok bay Pielou’s evenness (e) Racha Island Shannon-Weaver diversity (H)
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Abstract
The coral reef fish diversity, richness, evenness and fish feeding habits were examined in Khonkae Bay from 2013-2015, and in Patok Bay from 2014-2015 at Racha Yai Island, Phuket. At each Bay, three 50-m permanent line transects (each covering 250 m2) were made along the reef slope at 8-10 m depth. Each transect area was separated from each other by 10 m. All reef fishes from each transect were identified, counted, and recorded. Afterwards, Shannon index (H), Margalef’s richness (D), and Pielou’s evenness (e) were calculated. The differences in fish diversity, richness, and evenness were tested between/among years for each Bay. In addition, the differences in feeding habits for each year in each Bay were tested. In Khonkae Bay, from 2013-2015, 6326 fish individuals were observed belonging to 94 species, 53 genera, 27 families, and 4 orders. Shannon index (H) were 2.06, 0.96 and 1.66. Margalef’s richness index (D) were 4.42, 4.03 and 3.94. Pielou’s evenness index (e) were 0.64, 0.29 and 0.52. In Patok Bay, from 2014-2015, 5542 fish individuals were observed belonging to 89 species, 47 genera, 23 families, and 3 orders. Shannon index (H) were 2.20 and 1.69 Margalef’s richness index (D) were 5.54 and 5.22. Pielou’s evenness index (e) were 0.67 and 0.49. Fish diversity and evenness in Khonkae Bay were lowest in 2014 than other two years. This might be because in 2014, Abudefduf vaigiensis was a dominate species with 69.82%. On the other hand, at Patok Bay, fish diversity, species richness and evenness did not vary between years due to no dominant fish species. This indicates that reef and reef fish status at Patok Bay might be in a better condition and less stressed for less coral bleaching and fewer number of tourists than at Khonkae Bay.
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Noonsang, P., Tina, F. W., Jaroensutasinee, M., Jaroensutasinee, K., Chumkiew, S., & Kuhapong, U. (2017). Diversity of Coral Reef Fishes at Racha Yai Island, Thailand. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 40(3), 19–34. Retrieved from https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JFE/article/view/82144
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References
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31. Monkolprasit, S., and S. Sontirat, 1980. Systematic studies of coral reef fishes from the Indian Ocean, Phuket (Thailand). Kasetsart University Fishery Research Bulletin. 11:1-16.
32. Mumby P.J., J. Alasdair Edwards, J. Ernesto Arias-González, K.C. Lindeman, P.G. Blackwell, A. Gall, Malgosia I. Gorczynska, A.R. Harborne, C.L. Pescod, H. Renken, C.C. Wabnitz, and G. Llewellyn. 2004. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature. 427:533-536.
33. Nagelkerken I., S. Kleijnen, T. Klop, R.A.C.J. van den Brand, E. Cocheret de la Moriniére, and G. vander Velde. 2001. Dependence of Caribbean reef fishes on mangroves and seagrass beds as nursery habitats: a comparison of fish faunas between bays with and without mangroves/seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 214:225-235.
34. Noonsang, P., M. Jaroensutasinee, and K. Jaroensutasinee. 2013. Diversity and Abundance of Coral Reef Fish in Khon-Kae and Patok Bays, Racha Yai Island The 5th Walailak Research National Conference, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, p. 60.
35. Noonsang P., M. Jaroensutasinee, S. Chumkiew, U. Kuhapong, and K. Jaroensutasinee. 2014. Severe bleaching affecting coral and reef fish diversity at Racha Yai Island, Thailand The 6th Walailak Research National Conference, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, p. 244.
36. Noonsang, P., F.W. Tina, U. Kuhapong, S. Chumkiew, M. Jaroensutasinee, and K. Jaroensutasinee. 2015. Reef Fish Diversity at Racha Yai Island, Thailand. Thailand National Conference on Conservation Status, Present and Future of Biodiversity, Trang, Thailand, p. 236.
37. Phongsuwan, N. 2014. The most highest biodivenity in Thailand (in Thai). The 6th Walailak Research National Conference, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, pp. 1-96.
38. Phongsuwan, N., and H. Chansang. 2012. Repeated coral bleaching in the Andaman Sea, Thailand, during the last two decades. Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 71:19-42.
39. Pielou, E.C. 1966. Shannon's formula as a measure of specific diversity: its use and misuse. American Naturalist. 100(914):463-465.
40. Pokapunt, W., and J. Tantivala. 1987. Observations on demersal fish resources and trash fish compositions in the Andaman Sea 1985. Exploratory Fishing Division, Technical Paper No. 23. 44 p. (in Thai)
41. Polunin, N.V.C., and C.M. Roberts. 1996. Reef fisheries. Chapman and Hall, England. 477 pp.
42. Randall, J.E. 1998. Zoogeography of shore fishes of the Indo-Pacific region. Zoological Studies-Taipei. 37(4): 227-268.
43. Randall, J.E. 2005. Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 720 pp.
44. Randall, J.E. and U. Satapoomin. 1999. Archamia ataenia, a new species of cardina1fish (Percifonnes: Apogonidae) from the Andaman Sea and Mentawai Islands. Phuket Marine Biological Research Center Bulletin. 62:1-8.
45. Ray, B.C., N.R Chattopadhyay, and S.D. Roy. 2015. Reef Fish Biodiversity and Complexity in the North Bay Reef of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. International Journal of Advanced Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 1:15-31.
46. Rinkevich, B. 1995. Restoration strategies for coral reefs damaged by recreational activities: the use of sexual and asexual recruits. Restoration Ecology. 3:241-251.
47. Roberts, C.M. 1987. Habitat complexity and coral reef fish diversity and abundance on Red Sea fringing reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 41: 1-8.
48. Sale, P.F. 1991. Reef fish communities: open non equilibrium systems. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego. 598 pp.
49. Sale, P.F. 2002. Coral reef fishes: dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego. 549 pp.
50. Sandin, S.A., M.J.A. Vermeij, and A.H. Hurlbert. 2008. Island biogeography of Caribbean coral reef fish. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 17: 770-777.
51. Sano, M., M. Shimizu, and Y. Nose. 1984. Changes in structure of coral reef fish communities by destruction of hermatypic corals: observational and experimental views. Pacific Science. 38(1):51-79.
52. Sano, M., M. Shimizu, and Y. Nose. 1987. Long-term effects of destruction of hermatypic corals by Acanthaster planci infestation on reef fish communities at Iriomote Island, Japan Marine Ecology Progress Series. 37:191-199.
53. Satapoomin, U. 2011. The fishes of southwestern Thailand, the Andaman Sea-a review of research and a provisional checklist of species. Phuket Marine Biological Center, Research Bulletin. 70:29-77.
54. Satapoomin, U., and S. Poovachiranon. 1997. Fish fauna of mangrove and seagrass beds in the West Coast of Thailand, the Andaman Sea. Phuket Marine Biological Center Technical Paper No. 2/1997.
55. Shannon, C.E., and W. Weaver. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. 144pp.
56. Subarti, S.R 2010.Diversity and Abundance of Reef Fish in the Coastal of Klabat Bay, Bangka Island, Indonesia. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia. 36: 427-442.
57. Thresher, RE. 1983. Environmental correlates of the distribution of planktivorous fishes in the One Tree Reef Lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 10:137-145.
58. Tocher, D.R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish.
59. Vtlasri, V., T. Yamanaka, S. Tochino, T. Kawai, S. Ratmuangkhwang, and H. Imamura. 2015. Annotated Checklist of Marine Fishes from Phuket and Ranong, Thailand Tropical Natural History. 15:55-68.
60. Wongratana, T. 1982. Ichthyological observations made during the Andaman cruise of the ''Nagasaki Mam'', 1-14 November 1981. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam. 30(2):105-124.
61. Worachananant S., V. Manthachitra, and T. Thamrongnawasawat. 2008. The Distribution of Fish Family Labridae in North Andaman Islands. Project Code: MRG5180079
2. Allen, G.R., and G.S. Stone. 2005. Rapid assessment survey of tsunami affected reefs of Thailand. New England Aquarium Technical Report, pp. 2-5.
3. Bell, J.D., and R. Galzin, 1984. Influence of live coral cover on coral-reef fish communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 15(3):265-274.
4. Bell, J.D., and R. Galzin. 1984. Influence of live coral cover on coral-reef fish communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 15:265-274.
5. Bellwood, D.R., T.P.Hughes, C. Folke, and M. Nystrom. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature. 429:827-833.
6. Caley, M.J., and J. St. John. 1996. Refuge availability structures assemblages of tropical reef fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology.65:414-428.
7. Chaban.et, P., H. Ralambondrainy, M. Amanieu, G. Faure, and R. Galzin. 1997. Relationships between coral reef substrata and fish. Coral reefs. 16(2): 93-102.
8. Chabanet, P., V. Dufour, and R. Galzin. 1995. Disturbance impact on reef fish connnunities in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 188(1): 29-48.
9. Chavanich S., V. Viyakarn, P. Adams, J. Klammer, and N. Cook. 2012. Reef Communities after the 2010 Mass Coral Bleaching at Racha Yai Island in the Andaman Sea and Koh Tao in The Gulf of Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Research Center Bulletin. 71:103-110.
10. Cheal, A., G. Coleman, S. Delean, I. Miller, K. Osborne, and H. Sweatman. 2002. Responses of coral and fish assemblages to a severe but short lived tropical cyclone on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs. 21:131-142.
11. Durville, P., P. Chabanet, and J.P. Quod. 2003. Visual census of the reef fishes in the natural reserve of the Glorieuses Islands (Western Indian Ocean). Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science. 2:95-104.
12. Ehrenfeucht, S. 2014. Artificial coral reefs as a method of coral reef fish conservation. Thesis Paper, University of Colorado, Boulder, pp. 1-83.
13. Feary, D.A., G.R. Almany, G.P. Jones, and M.I. McCormick. 2007. Coral degradation and the structure of tropical reef fish communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 333:243-248.
14. Fishelson, L. 1995. Elat (Gulf of Aqaba) littoral: life on the red line of biodegradation. Israel Journal of Zoology.41:43-55.
15. Fowler, H.W. 1939. Zoological results of the third de schauensee siamese expedition. Part IX: Additional fishes obtained in 1936.Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 39-76.
16. Froese, R., and D. Pauly. 2012. Fishbase, World Wide Web Electronic Publication, www.fishbase.org.
17. Gratwicke B., and M.R. Speight. 2005. Effects of habitat complexity on Caribbean marine fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 292:301-310.
18. Halford, A., A.J. Cheal, D. Ryan, and D.M. Williams. 2004. Resilience to large-scale disturbance in coral and fish assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology.85:1892-1905.
19. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L. 1989. Implications of feeding specialization on the recruitment processes and community structure of butterfly fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 25:101-110.
20. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., and Y. Bouchon Navaro. 1981. Trophic relationships among chaetodontid fishes in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila. 2:537- 544.
21. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., and Y. BouchonNavaro. 1983. Feeding diets and significance of coral feeding among chaetodontid fishes in Moorea (French Polynesia). Coral Reefs. 2(2):119-127
22. Harrington L., K. Fabricius, G. De'ath, and A. Negri. 2004. Recognition and Selection of Settlement Substrata Determine Post-Settlement Survival in Corals. Ecology. 85:3428-3437.
23. Harriott, V.J., D. Davis, and S.A. Banks. 1997. Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in eastern Australia. Ambio. 26: 173-179.
24. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research. 50(8):839- 866.
25. Jaroensutasinee, K., S. Chumkiew, and M. Jaroensutasinee. 2015. Applying a landscape mosaics technique to detect tropical cyclone impacts on coral reef community. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Science. 44(7):1017-1024
26. Jones, G.P. 1991. Postrecruitment processes in the ecology of coral reef fish populations: a multifactorial perspective. In: The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs (ed. C. Mora), pp. 294-328. Academic Press, San Diego.
27. Leray, S., J.R de Dreuzy, O. Bour, T. Labasque, and L. Aquilina. 2012. Contribution of age data to the characterization of complex aquifers. Journal of Hydrology.464:54-68.
28. Margalef, R. 1968. Diversity and stability: a practical proposal and a model of interdependence. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology. 22:25-37.
29. McManus, J.W. 1985. Marine speciation, tectonics and sea-level changes in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of the Fifth International of Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti. 4: 133-138.
30. Moberg, F., and C. Folke. 1999. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Economics. 29:215-233.
31. Monkolprasit, S., and S. Sontirat, 1980. Systematic studies of coral reef fishes from the Indian Ocean, Phuket (Thailand). Kasetsart University Fishery Research Bulletin. 11:1-16.
32. Mumby P.J., J. Alasdair Edwards, J. Ernesto Arias-González, K.C. Lindeman, P.G. Blackwell, A. Gall, Malgosia I. Gorczynska, A.R. Harborne, C.L. Pescod, H. Renken, C.C. Wabnitz, and G. Llewellyn. 2004. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature. 427:533-536.
33. Nagelkerken I., S. Kleijnen, T. Klop, R.A.C.J. van den Brand, E. Cocheret de la Moriniére, and G. vander Velde. 2001. Dependence of Caribbean reef fishes on mangroves and seagrass beds as nursery habitats: a comparison of fish faunas between bays with and without mangroves/seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 214:225-235.
34. Noonsang, P., M. Jaroensutasinee, and K. Jaroensutasinee. 2013. Diversity and Abundance of Coral Reef Fish in Khon-Kae and Patok Bays, Racha Yai Island The 5th Walailak Research National Conference, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, p. 60.
35. Noonsang P., M. Jaroensutasinee, S. Chumkiew, U. Kuhapong, and K. Jaroensutasinee. 2014. Severe bleaching affecting coral and reef fish diversity at Racha Yai Island, Thailand The 6th Walailak Research National Conference, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, p. 244.
36. Noonsang, P., F.W. Tina, U. Kuhapong, S. Chumkiew, M. Jaroensutasinee, and K. Jaroensutasinee. 2015. Reef Fish Diversity at Racha Yai Island, Thailand. Thailand National Conference on Conservation Status, Present and Future of Biodiversity, Trang, Thailand, p. 236.
37. Phongsuwan, N. 2014. The most highest biodivenity in Thailand (in Thai). The 6th Walailak Research National Conference, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, pp. 1-96.
38. Phongsuwan, N., and H. Chansang. 2012. Repeated coral bleaching in the Andaman Sea, Thailand, during the last two decades. Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 71:19-42.
39. Pielou, E.C. 1966. Shannon's formula as a measure of specific diversity: its use and misuse. American Naturalist. 100(914):463-465.
40. Pokapunt, W., and J. Tantivala. 1987. Observations on demersal fish resources and trash fish compositions in the Andaman Sea 1985. Exploratory Fishing Division, Technical Paper No. 23. 44 p. (in Thai)
41. Polunin, N.V.C., and C.M. Roberts. 1996. Reef fisheries. Chapman and Hall, England. 477 pp.
42. Randall, J.E. 1998. Zoogeography of shore fishes of the Indo-Pacific region. Zoological Studies-Taipei. 37(4): 227-268.
43. Randall, J.E. 2005. Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 720 pp.
44. Randall, J.E. and U. Satapoomin. 1999. Archamia ataenia, a new species of cardina1fish (Percifonnes: Apogonidae) from the Andaman Sea and Mentawai Islands. Phuket Marine Biological Research Center Bulletin. 62:1-8.
45. Ray, B.C., N.R Chattopadhyay, and S.D. Roy. 2015. Reef Fish Biodiversity and Complexity in the North Bay Reef of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. International Journal of Advanced Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 1:15-31.
46. Rinkevich, B. 1995. Restoration strategies for coral reefs damaged by recreational activities: the use of sexual and asexual recruits. Restoration Ecology. 3:241-251.
47. Roberts, C.M. 1987. Habitat complexity and coral reef fish diversity and abundance on Red Sea fringing reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 41: 1-8.
48. Sale, P.F. 1991. Reef fish communities: open non equilibrium systems. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego. 598 pp.
49. Sale, P.F. 2002. Coral reef fishes: dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego. 549 pp.
50. Sandin, S.A., M.J.A. Vermeij, and A.H. Hurlbert. 2008. Island biogeography of Caribbean coral reef fish. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 17: 770-777.
51. Sano, M., M. Shimizu, and Y. Nose. 1984. Changes in structure of coral reef fish communities by destruction of hermatypic corals: observational and experimental views. Pacific Science. 38(1):51-79.
52. Sano, M., M. Shimizu, and Y. Nose. 1987. Long-term effects of destruction of hermatypic corals by Acanthaster planci infestation on reef fish communities at Iriomote Island, Japan Marine Ecology Progress Series. 37:191-199.
53. Satapoomin, U. 2011. The fishes of southwestern Thailand, the Andaman Sea-a review of research and a provisional checklist of species. Phuket Marine Biological Center, Research Bulletin. 70:29-77.
54. Satapoomin, U., and S. Poovachiranon. 1997. Fish fauna of mangrove and seagrass beds in the West Coast of Thailand, the Andaman Sea. Phuket Marine Biological Center Technical Paper No. 2/1997.
55. Shannon, C.E., and W. Weaver. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. 144pp.
56. Subarti, S.R 2010.Diversity and Abundance of Reef Fish in the Coastal of Klabat Bay, Bangka Island, Indonesia. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia. 36: 427-442.
57. Thresher, RE. 1983. Environmental correlates of the distribution of planktivorous fishes in the One Tree Reef Lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 10:137-145.
58. Tocher, D.R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish.
59. Vtlasri, V., T. Yamanaka, S. Tochino, T. Kawai, S. Ratmuangkhwang, and H. Imamura. 2015. Annotated Checklist of Marine Fishes from Phuket and Ranong, Thailand Tropical Natural History. 15:55-68.
60. Wongratana, T. 1982. Ichthyological observations made during the Andaman cruise of the ''Nagasaki Mam'', 1-14 November 1981. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam. 30(2):105-124.
61. Worachananant S., V. Manthachitra, and T. Thamrongnawasawat. 2008. The Distribution of Fish Family Labridae in North Andaman Islands. Project Code: MRG5180079