The Effect of Different Feed Types on the Growth Rate and Biochemical Composition of the Marine ciliate, Euplotes sp.
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Published:
Apr 2, 2018
Keywords:
Euplotes sp. growth rates biochemical composition
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Abstract
This research determined and compared growth rates and chemical composition of the marine ciliate, Euplotes sp. cultured with different diets under laboratory conditions. The different diets consisted of algae (Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica), baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and marine thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, assigned as mono- or mixed diets with an initial concentration of 60,000 cells.ml-1. Twenty single-cell Euplotes sp. were cultured in each treatment. Results revealed that growth rates of Euplotes sp. varied significantly (p<0.05) among different feed types. There were no significant differences for the highest mean growth rates of Euplotes sp. fed on the monoalgal diet T. suecica and the mixed diet consisting of T. suecica, S. cerevisiae and A. limacinum. Examination of the biochemical composition of Euplotes sp. fed on the mono diet of S. cerevisiae and A. limacinum showed that oleic acid (C18:1n9c) was dominant in the S. cerevisiae group, while palmitic acid (C16:0) was dominant in the A. limacinum group. The A. limacinum diet contained docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA), but only a small percentage of this fatty acid was found in the ciliates fed with this diet. Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) was present in Euplotes sp. although it was not present in the A. limacinum diet. The amino acids cystine and tryptophan were present in the S. cerevisiae diet but were not detected in Euplotes sp. fed with it. Tryptophan was found in Euplotes sp. fed with the A. limacinum diet but was not found in the A. limacinum diet. The most abundant non-essential amino acids found in Euplotes sp. and in the assigned diets (S. cerevisiae and A. limacinum) were glutamic acid and serine.
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Tarangkoon, W., Mahae, N., & Tanyaros, S. (2018). The Effect of Different Feed Types on the Growth Rate and Biochemical Composition of the Marine ciliate, Euplotes sp. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 42(1), 24–32. Retrieved from https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JFE/article/view/87072
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References
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29. Nagano, N., Y. Iwatsuki, T. Kamiyama, H. Shimizu and H. Nakata. 2000. Ciliated protozoans as food for first-feeding larval grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus: laboratory experiment. Plankton Biology & Ecology 47:93–99.
30. Naylor, R. and M. Burke. 2005. Aquaculture and Ocean Resources: Raising Tigers of the Sea. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30:185-218.
31. Rodríguez, C., J.A. Pérez, P. Badía, M.S. Izquierdo, H. Fernández-Palacios and A. Lorenzo Hernández. 1998. The n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirements of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae when using an appropriate DHA/EPA ratio in the diet. Aquaculture 169:9–23.
32. Rønnestad, I., A. Thorsen and R. N. Finn. 1999. Fish larval nutrition: a review of recent advances in the roles of amino acids. Aquaculture 177:201–216.
33. Sargent, J. R., L. A. McEvoy and J. G. Bell. 1997. Requirements, presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine fish larval feeds. Aquaculture 155:117–127.
34. Sarwar, G., H.G. Botting and R.W. Peace. 1988. Complete amino acid analysis in hydrolysates of foods and feces by liquid chromatography of precolumn phenylisothiocyanate derivatives. Journal Association of Official Analytical Chemistry 71(6):1172–1175.
35. Tarangkoon, W. and P. J. Hansen. 2011. Prey selection, ingestion and growth responses of the common marine ciliate Mesodinium pulex in the light and in the dark. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 62:25–38.
36. Turley, C.M., R.C. Newell and D.B. Robins. 1986. Survival strategies of two small marine ciliates and their role in regulating bacterial community structure under experimental conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 33:59–70.
37. Van der Meeren, T., R. E. Olsen, K. Hamre and H. J. Fyhn. 2008. Biochemical composition of copepods for evaluation of feed quality in production of juvenile marine fish. Aquaculture 274:375–397.
38. Walne, P. R. 1974. Culture of bivalve molluscs, 50 years’ experience at Conway. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London. 173 p.
39. Watanabe, T. and V. Kiron. 1994. Prospects in larval dietetics. Aquaculture 124:223-251.
40. Wilks, S.A. and M.A. Sleigh. 1998. Grazing rates in Euplotes mutabilis: relationship between particle size and concentration. Microbial Ecology 36:165–174.
41. Zhukova, N.V. and V. I. Kharlamenko. 1999. Sources of essential fatty acids in the marine microbial loop. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 17:153–157.
2. Bec, A., D. Martin-Creuzburg and E.V. Elert. 2010. Fatty acid composition of the heterotrophic nanoflagellate Paraphysomonas sp.: influence of diet and de novo biosynthesis. Aquatic Biology 9:107–112.
3. Bell, J.G., L.A. McEvoy, A. Estevez, R.J. Shields and J.R. Sargent. 2003. Optimising lipid nutrition in first-feeding flatfish larvae. Aquaculture 227:211–220.
4. Brown, M. and R. Robert. 2002. Preparation and assessment of microalgal concentrates as feeds for larval and juvenile Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 207:289–309.
5. Cheng, S. H., S. Aoki, M. Maeda and A. Hino. 2004. Competition between the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis and the ciliate Euplotes vannus fed on two different algae. Aquaculture 241(26):331-343.
6. Chu, F-L. E., E.D. Lund, P.R. Littreal, K.E. Ruck, E. Harvey, J-R. Le Coz, Y. Marty, J. Moal and P. Soudant. 2008. Sterol production and phytosterol bioconversion in two species of heterotrophic protists, Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominas. Marine Biology 156:155–169.
7. Conceição, L.E.C., M. Yúfera, P. Makridis, S. Morais and M.T. Dinis. 2010. Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing. Aquaculture Research 41:613–640.
8. Cowie, G.L. and J.I. Hedges. 1994. Biochemical indicators of diagenetic alteration in natural organic matter mixtures. Nature 369:304–307.
9. Côrtes, G.F., M.Y. Tsuzuki and E.M.C. Melo. 2013. Monoculture of the ciliate protozoan Euplotes sp. (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia) fed with different diets. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences 35:15–19.
10. Dhanker, R. and J. Hwang. 2013. Predation by Apocyclops royi (cyclopoid copepod) on ciliates and rotifers. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 21:246–251.
11. Dhont, J. and G. van Stappen. 2003. Biology, tank production and nutritional value of Artemia. In: Live feeds in marine aquaculture (ed. J.G. Støttrup and L.A. McEvoy), pp 65–121. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
12. DMSc. 2003. Compendium of methods for food analysis. Department of Medical Sciences (DMSc), National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards (ACFS).
13. Drillet, G. and J. Dutz. 2014. Dealing with the presence of the ciliate Euplotes sp. in cultures of the copepod Acartia tonsa. Aquaculture Int 22:391–398.
14. Figueiredo, G.M., R.D.M. Nash and D.J.S. Montagnes. 2007. Do protozoa contribute significantly to the diet of larval fish in the Irish Sea? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87(4):843–850.
15. Foissner, W., H. Berger and J. Schaumburg.1999. Identification and ecology of limnetic plankton ciliates. Informationsber. des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, Heft 3/99.
16. Frolov, A.V., S.L. Pankov, K.N.Geradze, S.A. Pankova and L.V. Spektorova. 1991. Influence of the biochemical composition of food on the biochemical composition of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Aquaculture 97:181–202.
17. Guisande, C., I. Maneiro and I. Riveiro.1999. Homeostasis in the essential amino acid composition of the marine copepod Euterpina acutifrons. Limnology and Oceanography 44:691–696.
18. Guisande, C., I. Maneiro and I. Riveiro. 2000. Comparisons among the amino acid composition of females, eggs and food to determine the relative importance of food quantity and food quality to copepod reproduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 202:135–142.
19. Harvey, H. R., M. C. Ederington, and G. B. McManus.1997. Lipid composition of the marine ciliates Pleuronema sp. and Fabrea salina: shifts in response to changes diets. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44:189–193.
20. Helland, S., J.C. Nejstgaard, R. Humlen, H.J. Fyhn and U. Båmstedt. 2003a. Effect of season and maternal food on Calanus finmarchicus reproduction, with emphasis on free amino acids. Marine Biology 142:1141–1151.
21. Helland, S., J.C. Nejstgaard, R. Humlen, H.J. Fyhn and U. Båmstedt. 2003b. Effects of starvation, season, and diet on the free amino acid and protein content of Calanus finmarchicus females. Marine Biology 143:297–306.
22. Jones, D. A., M. S. Kamarudin and L. Le Vay.1993. The potential for replacement of live feeds in larval culture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 24: 199-210.
23. Klein Breteler, W.C.M., N. Schogt, M. Baas, S. Schouten and G.W. Kraay. 1999. Trophic upgrading of food quality by protozoa enhancing copepod growth: role of essential lipids. Marine Biology 135:191–198.
24. Kleppel, G.S., C.A. Burkart and L. Houchin. 1998. Nutrition and the regulation of egg production in the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. Limnology and Oceanography 43:1000–1007.
25. Li, P., K. Mai, J. Trushenski and G. Wu. 2008. New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally orientated aquafeeds. Amino Acids 37:43–53.
26. Lubzens, E. and O. Zmora. 2003. Production and nutritional value of rotifers. In: Live feeds in marine aquaculture (ed. Stottrup, J.G. and L.A. McEvoy), pp. 17–64. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, Oxford.
27. Madhu, K. and R. Madhu. 2014. Captive spawning and embryonic development of marine ornamental purple firefish Nemateleotris decora (Randall & Allen, 1973). Aquaculture 424–425:1-9.
28. Mukai, Y., M.Z. Sani, N. Mohammad-Noor and S. Kadowaki. 2016. Effective method to culture infusoria, a highly potential starter feed for marine finfish larvae. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4(3):124-127.
29. Nagano, N., Y. Iwatsuki, T. Kamiyama, H. Shimizu and H. Nakata. 2000. Ciliated protozoans as food for first-feeding larval grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus: laboratory experiment. Plankton Biology & Ecology 47:93–99.
30. Naylor, R. and M. Burke. 2005. Aquaculture and Ocean Resources: Raising Tigers of the Sea. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30:185-218.
31. Rodríguez, C., J.A. Pérez, P. Badía, M.S. Izquierdo, H. Fernández-Palacios and A. Lorenzo Hernández. 1998. The n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirements of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae when using an appropriate DHA/EPA ratio in the diet. Aquaculture 169:9–23.
32. Rønnestad, I., A. Thorsen and R. N. Finn. 1999. Fish larval nutrition: a review of recent advances in the roles of amino acids. Aquaculture 177:201–216.
33. Sargent, J. R., L. A. McEvoy and J. G. Bell. 1997. Requirements, presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine fish larval feeds. Aquaculture 155:117–127.
34. Sarwar, G., H.G. Botting and R.W. Peace. 1988. Complete amino acid analysis in hydrolysates of foods and feces by liquid chromatography of precolumn phenylisothiocyanate derivatives. Journal Association of Official Analytical Chemistry 71(6):1172–1175.
35. Tarangkoon, W. and P. J. Hansen. 2011. Prey selection, ingestion and growth responses of the common marine ciliate Mesodinium pulex in the light and in the dark. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 62:25–38.
36. Turley, C.M., R.C. Newell and D.B. Robins. 1986. Survival strategies of two small marine ciliates and their role in regulating bacterial community structure under experimental conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 33:59–70.
37. Van der Meeren, T., R. E. Olsen, K. Hamre and H. J. Fyhn. 2008. Biochemical composition of copepods for evaluation of feed quality in production of juvenile marine fish. Aquaculture 274:375–397.
38. Walne, P. R. 1974. Culture of bivalve molluscs, 50 years’ experience at Conway. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London. 173 p.
39. Watanabe, T. and V. Kiron. 1994. Prospects in larval dietetics. Aquaculture 124:223-251.
40. Wilks, S.A. and M.A. Sleigh. 1998. Grazing rates in Euplotes mutabilis: relationship between particle size and concentration. Microbial Ecology 36:165–174.
41. Zhukova, N.V. and V. I. Kharlamenko. 1999. Sources of essential fatty acids in the marine microbial loop. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 17:153–157.