Rainwater quality with pathogen and heavy metals from villages in Khon Kaen
Abstract
Abstract
Rainwater seems to be the most viable solution to provide quality drinking water in rural area. Thus, the quality of rainwater samples collected from a collecting system (roof and qutter), storage containers (both outdoor and indoor) were evaluated both bacteriologically and chemically for contamination. The bacteriological contamination was investigated by using indicator organisms and pathogen isolation. The source of bacteriological contamination was indicated employing the ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci (FC:FS). The chemical contamination was evaluated by analysing heavy metal concentration. Futhermore, the information on sanitary practices was also investigated.
The result of samples collected form collecting system and storage containers was worse than the drinking water quality standard expressed in terms of total bacterial count, total colifform, fecal coliform, and E.coli which were approximately 60-90%, 34-78%, 43-78% and 10.33% above the permitted standards respectively. The samples collected from roof and gutter had FC:FS ratios of less than 1 in about 79-84%, ofcase, indicating the major source of contamination sources were both animal and human but that human was the major source. The main contamination by humans was caused by insanitary practices on water handing and usage by the villagers.
Pathogenic contamination was found in approximately 0.6% of samples collected and was identified as Salmonella gr.E. and gr.C, bibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas sp. The heavy metal concentrations which were investigated consisted of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. They were taken from various sampling points and compared favourably with WHO dringking water standards with two exceptions, Mn and Zn. However, Mn and Zn are considered to affect the aesthetic quality of drinking water only and were therefore not significant to health.
The conclusion of this study is that the health evolving from the consumption of stored rainwater would be due to bacteriological contamination rather than heavy metal contamination.
The recommendation for improving rainwater quality is that the villagers themselves have to improve the hygienic conditions of their immediate surroundings and the most important factor is their sanitary practices.