Non-AIDS defining illness and mortality in HIV patients
์Non-AIDS death
Keywords:
Non-AIDS, illness, mortality, HIVAbstract
HIV is the virus destroying body immune system especially, white blood cell named CD-4 cell. This cell can protect the body from many infectious diseases. Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) and continuing will make people living with HIV (PLWHIV) healthy, improve quality of life and prolonged life. Thailand national guideline on HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention 2017 was recommended the first line ART; 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor plus 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It was called highly active ART (HAART) leading to a long life. However, antiretroviral drugs (ARV) are associated with lipid profile, insulin resistance and lipodystrophy resulting in high risk of non-AIDs illness such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Though immune system was improved after ART but it is not full restoration increasing risk of cancer and mortality rate from non-AIDs illness. According to privilege for PLWHIV and AIDS by national health security, laboratory and special investigations did not cover all non-AIDs illness. Then, screening and diagnosis could not be performed and accessing to prophylaxis and treatment will be delayed. Reconsideration of their privilege will improve patient care and promote quality and prolong their life.
References
1. กรมควบคุมโรค. แนวทางการตรวจรักษาและป้องกันการติดเชื้อเอชไอวี ประเทศไทย ปี 2560. [Internet]. 2017. [cite 2019 March 3]. Available form: http://www.thaiaidssociety.org/images/PDF/hiv_thai_guideline_2560.pdf.
2. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). What Are HIV and AIDS? [Internet]. 2017. [cited 2019 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids.
3. Hart BB, Nordell AD, Okulicz JF, Palfreeman A, Horban A, Kedem E, et al. Inflammation-Related Morbidity and Mortality Among HIV-Positive Adults: How Extensive Is It? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018;77:1-7.
4. Steven G. Deeks, Sharon R. Lewin, Diane V. Havlir. The End of AIDS: HIV Infection as a Chronic Disease. Lancet 2013;382:1525–1533.
5. Duprez DA, Neuhaus J, Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, et al. Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. PloS one 2012;7:e44454. [cited Feb 2, 2019]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044454.
6. Álvaro H. Borges, Jacqueline Neuhaus, Abdel G. Babiker, Henry K, Jain MK, Palfreeman A, et al. Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces Risk of Infection-Related Cancer During Early HIV Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:1668–1676.
7. Helleberg M, Gerstoft J, Afzal S, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, et al. Risk of cancer among HIV-infected individuals compared to the background population: impact of smoking and HIV. AIDS 2014;28:1499-508.
8. Chen M, Jen I, Chen Y, Lin M, Bhatia K, Sharp GB, et al. Cancer Incidence in a Nationwide HIV/AIDS Patient Cohort in Taiwan in 1998–2009. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014;65:463–472.
9. Kiertiburanakul S, Likhitpongwit S, Ratanasiri S, Sungkanuparph S. Malignancies in HIV-infected Thai patients. HIV Med 2007;8:322-3.
10. Crum-Cianflone N, Tejidor R, Medina S, Barahona I, Ganesan A. Obesity among HIV Patients: The Latest Epidemic. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2008;22:925–930.
11. Rotger M, Glass TR, Junier T, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, Poloni ES, et al. Contribution of genetic background, traditional risk factors, and HIV-related factors to coronary artery disease events in HIV-positive persons. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:112-21.
12. Armah KA, McGinnis K, Baker J, Gibert C, Butt AA, Bryant KJ, et al. HIV status, burden of comorbid disease, and biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:126-36.
13. Paula AA, Falcao MC, Pacheoco AG. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals [Internet]. 2013. [Cited 2018 July 22].Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3874610/.
14. Bijker R, Choi JY, Ditangco R, Kiertiburanakul S, Lee MP, Siwamogsatham S, et al. Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in HIV-Positive Populations in the Asian Region [Internet]. 2017. [cite 2019 March 6]. Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC5753029/.
15. Teekawong C, Apidechkul T, Cassely M, Chansareewittaya K. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among HIV/AIDS Infected Patients Who Use ARV, Nan Province, 2015-2016. Siriraj medical Journal [Internet]. 2017. [cited 2019 March 7]. Available form: http://www.smj.si.mahidol.ac.th/sirirajmedj/index.php/smj/article/view/814.
16. Nguyen KA, Peer N, Mills EJ, Kengne AP. A Meta-Analysis of the Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in the Global HIV-Infected Population. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016. [cited 2018 Jun 29]. Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4805252/.
17. เพ็ญประภา พลับบดี. ความชุกของกลุ่มอาการเมแทบอลิกในผู้ป่วยติดเชื้อเอชไอวีที่ได้รับการรักษาด้วยยาต้านไวรัสที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูงที่มี Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) เป็นหลัก [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. 2010. [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 15 มิ.ย.2561]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://gsbooks.gs.kku.ac.th/54/grc12/files/mmp25.pdf
18. Giuseppe B. Metabolic and cardiovascular complications of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection. Curr HIV Res 2006;4:79-85.
19. Paula AA, Falcão MC, Pacheco AG. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals: underlying mechanisms and epidemiological aspects. AIDS Res Ther 2013;10:32.
20. Chow DC, Shikuma CM, Day LJ. Metabolic complications of HIV therapy [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2019 16/05]. Available from: https://www.thebodypro.com/article/metabolic-complications-hiv-therapy.
21. Kramer AS, Lazzarotto AR, Sprinz E, Manfroi WC. Metabolic abnormalities, antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular disease in elderly patients with HIV. Arq Bras Cardiol 2009;93:519-26.
22. UNAIDS. Fact sheet–world aids day 2018, Global HIV statistics [Internet]. 2017 [cited March 16, 2019]. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet.
23. Zheng H, Wang L, Huang P, Norris J, Wang Q, Guo W, et al. Incidence and risk factors for AIDS-related mortality in HIV patients in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014;14:831.
24. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:1387-96.
25. Rodger AJ, Lodwick R, Schechter M, Deeks S, Amin J, Gilson R, et al. Mortality in well controlled HIV in the continuous antiretroviral therapy arms of the SMART and ESPRIT trials compared with the general population. AIDS 2013;27:973-9.
26. Croxford S, Kitching A, Desai S, Kall M, Edelstein M, Skingsley A, et al. Mortality and causes of death in people diagnosed with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population: an analysis of a national observational cohort. Lancet Public Health 2017;2:e35-e46. [cited March 12, 2019]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30020-2.
27. Wu PY, Hung CC, Liu WC, Hsieh CY, Sun HY, Lu CL, et al. Metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected Taiwanese patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: prevalence and associated factors. J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2012 [cited March 22, 2019]. Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232517.
28. Jung IY, Rupasinghe D, Woolley I, O'Connor CC, Giles M, Azwa RI, et al. Trends in mortality among ART-treated HIV-infected adults in the Asia-Pacific region between 1999 and 2017: results from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) and Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) of IeDEA Asia-Pacific. J. Int. AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2019;22:e25219. [cited April 22, 2019]. Available form: https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25219.
29. Mayor AM, Gomez MA, Fernandez DM, Rios-Olivares E, Thomas JC, Hunter RF. Morbidity and mortality profile of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with and without hepatitis C co-infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74:239-45.
30. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, Emmanuel P, Zingman BS, Horberg MA. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. CID [Internet]. 2014;58:e1-34. [cited April 24, 2019]. Available form: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit665.
31. สำนักงานหลักประกันสุขภาพแห่งชาติ. คู่มือบริหารกองทุนหลักประกันสุขภาพแห่งชาติ เล่มที่ 2 การบริหารงบบริการผู้ติดเชื้อเอชไอวีและผู้ป่วยเอดส์และการบริหารงบผู้ป่วยวัณโรค. กรุงเทพฯ: แสงจันทร์การพิมพ์; 2560.
2. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). What Are HIV and AIDS? [Internet]. 2017. [cited 2019 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids.
3. Hart BB, Nordell AD, Okulicz JF, Palfreeman A, Horban A, Kedem E, et al. Inflammation-Related Morbidity and Mortality Among HIV-Positive Adults: How Extensive Is It? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018;77:1-7.
4. Steven G. Deeks, Sharon R. Lewin, Diane V. Havlir. The End of AIDS: HIV Infection as a Chronic Disease. Lancet 2013;382:1525–1533.
5. Duprez DA, Neuhaus J, Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, et al. Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. PloS one 2012;7:e44454. [cited Feb 2, 2019]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044454.
6. Álvaro H. Borges, Jacqueline Neuhaus, Abdel G. Babiker, Henry K, Jain MK, Palfreeman A, et al. Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces Risk of Infection-Related Cancer During Early HIV Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:1668–1676.
7. Helleberg M, Gerstoft J, Afzal S, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, et al. Risk of cancer among HIV-infected individuals compared to the background population: impact of smoking and HIV. AIDS 2014;28:1499-508.
8. Chen M, Jen I, Chen Y, Lin M, Bhatia K, Sharp GB, et al. Cancer Incidence in a Nationwide HIV/AIDS Patient Cohort in Taiwan in 1998–2009. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014;65:463–472.
9. Kiertiburanakul S, Likhitpongwit S, Ratanasiri S, Sungkanuparph S. Malignancies in HIV-infected Thai patients. HIV Med 2007;8:322-3.
10. Crum-Cianflone N, Tejidor R, Medina S, Barahona I, Ganesan A. Obesity among HIV Patients: The Latest Epidemic. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2008;22:925–930.
11. Rotger M, Glass TR, Junier T, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, Poloni ES, et al. Contribution of genetic background, traditional risk factors, and HIV-related factors to coronary artery disease events in HIV-positive persons. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:112-21.
12. Armah KA, McGinnis K, Baker J, Gibert C, Butt AA, Bryant KJ, et al. HIV status, burden of comorbid disease, and biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:126-36.
13. Paula AA, Falcao MC, Pacheoco AG. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals [Internet]. 2013. [Cited 2018 July 22].Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3874610/.
14. Bijker R, Choi JY, Ditangco R, Kiertiburanakul S, Lee MP, Siwamogsatham S, et al. Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in HIV-Positive Populations in the Asian Region [Internet]. 2017. [cite 2019 March 6]. Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC5753029/.
15. Teekawong C, Apidechkul T, Cassely M, Chansareewittaya K. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among HIV/AIDS Infected Patients Who Use ARV, Nan Province, 2015-2016. Siriraj medical Journal [Internet]. 2017. [cited 2019 March 7]. Available form: http://www.smj.si.mahidol.ac.th/sirirajmedj/index.php/smj/article/view/814.
16. Nguyen KA, Peer N, Mills EJ, Kengne AP. A Meta-Analysis of the Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in the Global HIV-Infected Population. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016. [cited 2018 Jun 29]. Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4805252/.
17. เพ็ญประภา พลับบดี. ความชุกของกลุ่มอาการเมแทบอลิกในผู้ป่วยติดเชื้อเอชไอวีที่ได้รับการรักษาด้วยยาต้านไวรัสที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูงที่มี Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) เป็นหลัก [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. 2010. [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 15 มิ.ย.2561]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://gsbooks.gs.kku.ac.th/54/grc12/files/mmp25.pdf
18. Giuseppe B. Metabolic and cardiovascular complications of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection. Curr HIV Res 2006;4:79-85.
19. Paula AA, Falcão MC, Pacheco AG. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals: underlying mechanisms and epidemiological aspects. AIDS Res Ther 2013;10:32.
20. Chow DC, Shikuma CM, Day LJ. Metabolic complications of HIV therapy [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2019 16/05]. Available from: https://www.thebodypro.com/article/metabolic-complications-hiv-therapy.
21. Kramer AS, Lazzarotto AR, Sprinz E, Manfroi WC. Metabolic abnormalities, antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular disease in elderly patients with HIV. Arq Bras Cardiol 2009;93:519-26.
22. UNAIDS. Fact sheet–world aids day 2018, Global HIV statistics [Internet]. 2017 [cited March 16, 2019]. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet.
23. Zheng H, Wang L, Huang P, Norris J, Wang Q, Guo W, et al. Incidence and risk factors for AIDS-related mortality in HIV patients in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014;14:831.
24. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:1387-96.
25. Rodger AJ, Lodwick R, Schechter M, Deeks S, Amin J, Gilson R, et al. Mortality in well controlled HIV in the continuous antiretroviral therapy arms of the SMART and ESPRIT trials compared with the general population. AIDS 2013;27:973-9.
26. Croxford S, Kitching A, Desai S, Kall M, Edelstein M, Skingsley A, et al. Mortality and causes of death in people diagnosed with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population: an analysis of a national observational cohort. Lancet Public Health 2017;2:e35-e46. [cited March 12, 2019]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30020-2.
27. Wu PY, Hung CC, Liu WC, Hsieh CY, Sun HY, Lu CL, et al. Metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected Taiwanese patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: prevalence and associated factors. J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2012 [cited March 22, 2019]. Available form: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232517.
28. Jung IY, Rupasinghe D, Woolley I, O'Connor CC, Giles M, Azwa RI, et al. Trends in mortality among ART-treated HIV-infected adults in the Asia-Pacific region between 1999 and 2017: results from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) and Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) of IeDEA Asia-Pacific. J. Int. AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2019;22:e25219. [cited April 22, 2019]. Available form: https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25219.
29. Mayor AM, Gomez MA, Fernandez DM, Rios-Olivares E, Thomas JC, Hunter RF. Morbidity and mortality profile of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with and without hepatitis C co-infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74:239-45.
30. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, Emmanuel P, Zingman BS, Horberg MA. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. CID [Internet]. 2014;58:e1-34. [cited April 24, 2019]. Available form: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit665.
31. สำนักงานหลักประกันสุขภาพแห่งชาติ. คู่มือบริหารกองทุนหลักประกันสุขภาพแห่งชาติ เล่มที่ 2 การบริหารงบบริการผู้ติดเชื้อเอชไอวีและผู้ป่วยเอดส์และการบริหารงบผู้ป่วยวัณโรค. กรุงเทพฯ: แสงจันทร์การพิมพ์; 2560.
Downloads
Published
2020-05-25
How to Cite
1.
Duangrithi D-. Non-AIDS defining illness and mortality in HIV patients: ์Non-AIDS death. SRIMEDJ [Internet]. 2020 May 25 [cited 2024 Nov. 5];35(3):346-52. Available from: https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/SRIMEDJ/article/view/200602
Issue
Section
Review Articles
