Update in Thyroid Eye Disease
Keywords:
โรคไทรอยด์Abstract
Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), also known as Thyroid orbitopathy, Graves ophthalmopathy, Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) has a symptom which frequently results in the glance for Graves’ disease. TED is rarely found for severe symptoms. TED is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the tissues around the eye. It causes the extraocular muscles and orbital fat become inflamed, eyelid retraction, proptosis, chemosis and periorbital edema. This finding can cause double vision and blurred vision in some patients some of TED patients may be associate with hyperthyroidism disease. Some might also result with hypothyroidism. However, the severity of eye symptoms would not directly relate to severity of hyperthyroidism. For patient in serious and unresponsive condition, TED can be a challenging therapeutic. European Thyroid Association, also known as the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) had actualized guideline for TED in 2016 and further in 2018. According to the recent guideline, it’s included the guideline, stopper of disease and therapeutic at each stage of disease.
References
1. Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, Jacobsen SJ, Ilstrup DM, Garrity JA, et al. The Incidence of Graves' Ophthalmopathy in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 120: 511-7.
2. Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, Eckstein A, J. Kahaly G, Marcocci C, et al. The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy Guidelines for the Management of Graves' Orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J 2016; 5: 9-26.
3. Laurberg P, Berman DC, Pedersen I, Andersen S, Carlé A. Incidence and Clinical Presentation of Moderate to Severe Graves' Orbitopathy in a Danish Population before and after Iodine Fortification of Salt. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 2325-32.
4. Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7: 167-86.
5. Karlsson FA, Dahlberg PA, Jansson R, Westermark K, Enoksson P.Importance of tsh receptor activation in the development of severe endocrine ophthalmopathy. Acta Endocrinologica Supplementum 1989; 121: 132-41.
6. Carballo MCS, de Sá BPC,, Rocha DRTW, Arbex AK. Pathophysiology of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: A Literature Review. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease 2017; 7: 77-87.
7. Maheshwari R, Weis E. Thyroid associated orbitopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2012; 60: 87-93.
8. Naik VM, Naik MN, Goldberg RA, Smith TJ, Douglas RS. Immunopathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: emerging paradigms. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55: 215-26.
9. Lehmann GM, Feldon SE, Smith TJ, Phipps RP. Immune mechanisms in thyroid eye disease. Thyroid 2008; 18: 959-65.
10. Stan MN, Bahn RS. Risk factors for development or deterioration of graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2010; 20: 777-83.
11. Douglas RS, Gupta S. The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: implications for immunotherapy. Curr OpinOphthalmol 2011; 22: 385-90.
12. Wiersinga WM. Graves' orbitopathy: Management of difficult cases. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(Suppl 2): S150-2.
13. Duntas L. The Evolving Role of Selenium in the Treatment of Graves' Disease and Ophthalmopathy. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012: 736161.
14. Bhuyan AK, Sarma D, Saikia UK. Selenium and the thyroid: A close-knit connection. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(Suppl 2): S354-5.
15. Zhang L, Ji QH, Ruge F, Lane C, Morris D, Tee AR, et al. Reversal of Pathological Features of Graves' Orbitopathy by Activation of Forkhead Transcription Factors, FOXOs. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 2016; 101: 114-22.
16. Foster JA. editor. Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 7: Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal System. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2017.
17. Träisk F, Tallstedt L, Abraham-nordling M, Andersson T, Berg G, Calissendorff J, et al. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 3700-7.
18. Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Blomgren H, Bring J. Does early administration of thyroxine reduce the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:494–7.
19. Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Neoh C, Frewin S, Dickinson J. A prospective study of the effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism in patients with minimally active Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5321–3.
20. Kung AW, Yau CC, Cheng A. The incidence of ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for Graves’ disease: prognostic factors and the role of methimazole. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:542–6.
21. Lai A, Sassi L, Compri E, Marino F, Sivelli P, Piantanida E, Tanda ML, Bartalena L. Lower dose prednisone prevents radioiodine-associated exacerbation of initially mild or absent Graves’ orbitopathy: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1333–7.
22.Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell'Unto E, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 73-8.
23. Wiersinga WM. Smoking and thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79: 145–51.
24. Bartalena L, Martino E, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Panicucci M, Velluzzi F, et al. More on smoking habits and Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 1989; 12: 733–7.
25. Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Smoking and risk of Graves' disease. JAMA 1993; 269: 479–82.
26. Eckstein A, Quadbeck B, Mueller G, Rettenmeier AW, Hoermann R, Mann K, et al. Impact of smoking on the response to treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 773–6.
27. Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Bartalena L, Prummel M, Stahl M, et al. Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1920–31.
28. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Bruno-Bossio G, Lepri A, Pinchera A . Orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids for Graves' ophthalmopathy is more effective than radiotherapy alone: results of a prospective randomized study. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14: 853–60.
29. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Chiovato L, Laddaga M, Lepri G, Andreani D, et al. Orbital cobalt irradiation combined with systemic corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy: comparison with systemic corticosteroids alone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 56: 1139–44. 30. Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, et al. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158: 273–85.
31. Johnson KT, Wittig A, Loesch C, Esser J, Sauerwein W, Eckstein AK. A retrospective study on the efficacy of total absorbed orbital doses of 12, 16 and 20 Gy combined with systemic steroid treatment in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248: 103–9.
32. Kahaly GJ, Rosler HP, Pitz S, Hommel G. Low- versus high-dose radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy: a randomized, single blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 102–8.
33. Kahaly G, Schrezenmeir J, Krause U, Schweikert B, Meuer S, Muller W, et al. Ciclosporin and prednisone v. prednisone in treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy: a controlled, randomized and prospective study. Eur J Clin Invest 1986; 16: 415–22.
34. Prummel MF, Mourits MP, Berghout A, Krenning EP, van der Gaag R, Koornneef L, et al. Prednisone and cyclosporine in the treatment of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1353–9.
35. Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Curro N, Campi I, Covelli D, Dazzi D, et al. Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 422–31. 36. Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Curro N, Introna M, Rossi S, Bonara P, et al. Small dose of rituximab for Graves orbitopathy: new insights into the mechanism of action. Arch Ophthalmol 2012; 130: 122–4..
37. Stan MN, Garrity JA, Carranza Leon BG, Prabin T, Bradley EA, Bahn RS. Randomized controlled trial of rituximab in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 432–41.
38. Alkawas AA, Hussein AM, Shahien EA. Orbital steroid injection versus oral steroid therapy in management of thyroid-related ophthalmopathy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2010;38:692–7.
39. Ebner R, Devoto MH, Weil D, Bordaberry M, Mir C, Martinez H, et al. Treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy with periocular injections of triamcinolone. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1380–6.
40. Lee SJ, Rim TH, Jang SY, Kim CY, Shin DY, Lee EJ, et al. Treatment of upper eyelid retraction related to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy using subconjunctival triamcinolone injections. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251: 261–70.
41. Zang S, Ponto KA, Pitz S, Kahaly GJ. Dose of intravenous steroids and therapy outcome in Graves' orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34: 876–80.
2. Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, Eckstein A, J. Kahaly G, Marcocci C, et al. The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy Guidelines for the Management of Graves' Orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J 2016; 5: 9-26.
3. Laurberg P, Berman DC, Pedersen I, Andersen S, Carlé A. Incidence and Clinical Presentation of Moderate to Severe Graves' Orbitopathy in a Danish Population before and after Iodine Fortification of Salt. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 2325-32.
4. Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7: 167-86.
5. Karlsson FA, Dahlberg PA, Jansson R, Westermark K, Enoksson P.Importance of tsh receptor activation in the development of severe endocrine ophthalmopathy. Acta Endocrinologica Supplementum 1989; 121: 132-41.
6. Carballo MCS, de Sá BPC,, Rocha DRTW, Arbex AK. Pathophysiology of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: A Literature Review. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease 2017; 7: 77-87.
7. Maheshwari R, Weis E. Thyroid associated orbitopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2012; 60: 87-93.
8. Naik VM, Naik MN, Goldberg RA, Smith TJ, Douglas RS. Immunopathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: emerging paradigms. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55: 215-26.
9. Lehmann GM, Feldon SE, Smith TJ, Phipps RP. Immune mechanisms in thyroid eye disease. Thyroid 2008; 18: 959-65.
10. Stan MN, Bahn RS. Risk factors for development or deterioration of graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2010; 20: 777-83.
11. Douglas RS, Gupta S. The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: implications for immunotherapy. Curr OpinOphthalmol 2011; 22: 385-90.
12. Wiersinga WM. Graves' orbitopathy: Management of difficult cases. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(Suppl 2): S150-2.
13. Duntas L. The Evolving Role of Selenium in the Treatment of Graves' Disease and Ophthalmopathy. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012: 736161.
14. Bhuyan AK, Sarma D, Saikia UK. Selenium and the thyroid: A close-knit connection. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(Suppl 2): S354-5.
15. Zhang L, Ji QH, Ruge F, Lane C, Morris D, Tee AR, et al. Reversal of Pathological Features of Graves' Orbitopathy by Activation of Forkhead Transcription Factors, FOXOs. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 2016; 101: 114-22.
16. Foster JA. editor. Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 7: Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal System. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2017.
17. Träisk F, Tallstedt L, Abraham-nordling M, Andersson T, Berg G, Calissendorff J, et al. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 3700-7.
18. Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Blomgren H, Bring J. Does early administration of thyroxine reduce the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:494–7.
19. Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Neoh C, Frewin S, Dickinson J. A prospective study of the effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism in patients with minimally active Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5321–3.
20. Kung AW, Yau CC, Cheng A. The incidence of ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for Graves’ disease: prognostic factors and the role of methimazole. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:542–6.
21. Lai A, Sassi L, Compri E, Marino F, Sivelli P, Piantanida E, Tanda ML, Bartalena L. Lower dose prednisone prevents radioiodine-associated exacerbation of initially mild or absent Graves’ orbitopathy: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1333–7.
22.Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell'Unto E, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 73-8.
23. Wiersinga WM. Smoking and thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79: 145–51.
24. Bartalena L, Martino E, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Panicucci M, Velluzzi F, et al. More on smoking habits and Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 1989; 12: 733–7.
25. Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Smoking and risk of Graves' disease. JAMA 1993; 269: 479–82.
26. Eckstein A, Quadbeck B, Mueller G, Rettenmeier AW, Hoermann R, Mann K, et al. Impact of smoking on the response to treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 773–6.
27. Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Bartalena L, Prummel M, Stahl M, et al. Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1920–31.
28. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Bruno-Bossio G, Lepri A, Pinchera A . Orbital radiotherapy combined with high dose systemic glucocorticoids for Graves' ophthalmopathy is more effective than radiotherapy alone: results of a prospective randomized study. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14: 853–60.
29. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Chiovato L, Laddaga M, Lepri G, Andreani D, et al. Orbital cobalt irradiation combined with systemic corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy: comparison with systemic corticosteroids alone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 56: 1139–44. 30. Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, et al. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158: 273–85.
31. Johnson KT, Wittig A, Loesch C, Esser J, Sauerwein W, Eckstein AK. A retrospective study on the efficacy of total absorbed orbital doses of 12, 16 and 20 Gy combined with systemic steroid treatment in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248: 103–9.
32. Kahaly GJ, Rosler HP, Pitz S, Hommel G. Low- versus high-dose radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy: a randomized, single blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 102–8.
33. Kahaly G, Schrezenmeir J, Krause U, Schweikert B, Meuer S, Muller W, et al. Ciclosporin and prednisone v. prednisone in treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy: a controlled, randomized and prospective study. Eur J Clin Invest 1986; 16: 415–22.
34. Prummel MF, Mourits MP, Berghout A, Krenning EP, van der Gaag R, Koornneef L, et al. Prednisone and cyclosporine in the treatment of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1353–9.
35. Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Curro N, Campi I, Covelli D, Dazzi D, et al. Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 422–31. 36. Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Curro N, Introna M, Rossi S, Bonara P, et al. Small dose of rituximab for Graves orbitopathy: new insights into the mechanism of action. Arch Ophthalmol 2012; 130: 122–4..
37. Stan MN, Garrity JA, Carranza Leon BG, Prabin T, Bradley EA, Bahn RS. Randomized controlled trial of rituximab in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 432–41.
38. Alkawas AA, Hussein AM, Shahien EA. Orbital steroid injection versus oral steroid therapy in management of thyroid-related ophthalmopathy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2010;38:692–7.
39. Ebner R, Devoto MH, Weil D, Bordaberry M, Mir C, Martinez H, et al. Treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy with periocular injections of triamcinolone. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1380–6.
40. Lee SJ, Rim TH, Jang SY, Kim CY, Shin DY, Lee EJ, et al. Treatment of upper eyelid retraction related to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy using subconjunctival triamcinolone injections. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251: 261–70.
41. Zang S, Ponto KA, Pitz S, Kahaly GJ. Dose of intravenous steroids and therapy outcome in Graves' orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34: 876–80.
Downloads
Published
2019-07-03
How to Cite
1.
ประฏิภาณวัตร ไ. Update in Thyroid Eye Disease. SRIMEDJ [Internet]. 2019 Jul. 3 [cited 2024 Dec. 25];34(4):398-405. Available from: https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/SRIMEDJ/article/view/200775
Issue
Section
Review Articles
