โครโมโซมวายกับการศึกษาวิวัฒนาการของมนุษย์ (Y chromosome and the study of human evolution)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14456/tjg.2014.2Keywords:
Y chromosome, haplogroup, lineage, human evolution, East AsiaAbstract
การถ่ายทอดพันธุกรรมของโครโมโซมวายของมนุษย์ไปสู่รุ่นถัดไปนั้นเป็นการถ่ายทอดผ่านทางฝ่ายชายเท่านั้น และเนื่องจากดีเอ็นเอส่วนใหญ่ของโครโมโซมวายไม่เกิดรีคอมบิเนชั่นในระหว่างการแบ่งเซลล์แบบไมโอซิส จึงทำให้ดีเอ็นเอเกือบทั้งหมดของโครโมโซมวายถ่ายทอดจากพ่อสู่ลูกชาย คุณสมบัติพิเศษดังกล่าวทำให้โครโมโซมวายเป็นเครื่องหมายทางพันธุกรรมที่ได้รับการพิสูจน์แล้วว่ามีประสิทธิภาพสำหรับติดตามประวัติการสืบเชื้อสายทางฝ่ายชายของมนุษย์ บทความนี้กล่าวถึงโครงสร้างของโครโมโซมวาย รูปแบบของความผันแปร และปัจจัยที่ส่งผลต่อความผันแปรในดีเอ็นเอของโครโมโซมวาย นอกจากนี้ยังอธิบายถึงวิธีการศึกษาแฮโปลกรุ๊ป การตั้งชื่อและการจัดกลุ่มเพื่อใช้สืบเชื้อสายของโครโมโซมวาย ข้อมูลการกระจายของแฮโปลกรุ๊ปที่สนับสนุนทฤษฎีการอพยพออกจากแอฟริกาของมนุษย์ปัจจุบัน และยังสามารถเชื่อมโยงเส้นทางการอพยพที่อาจเป็นไปได้ในช่วงแรกขณะเข้าสู่เอเชียตะวันออก นอกจากนั้นยังกล่าวถึงโครงสร้างพันธุกรรมของประชากรเอเชียตะวันออกในปัจจุบัน ท้ายที่สุดจะกล่าวถึงแนวทางการพัฒนางานวิจัยโครโมโซมวายในอนาคต เพื่อไขปริศนาประวัติศาสตร์ที่ซับซ้อนของมนุษย์ในยุคปัจจุบัน
The human Y chromosome is exclusively paternally inherited and most of its DNA does not undergo recombination during meiosis, resulting in transmission of the whole chromosome from father to son. These special features make the Y chromosome an efficient tool for inferring human population history in paternal lineage. This review article described the Y chromosomal structure, pattern of polymorphisms and factors that affect polymorphisms. Moreover, methods for studying Y chromosome haplogroup, like designation and classification for investigating paternal lineage, are reviewed. Information of the Y chromosomal haplogroup distributions support the Out-of-Africa theory and can be used to predict the migration history of the current human species into East Asia. The present genetic structure of East Asian populations is also reviewed. Finally, we discussed the possibility of developing the study of the Y chromosome for unraveling the complex history of modern human populations
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