AN ASSESSMENT OF ADHERENCE FOR INSULIN USE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69598/tbps.18.2.1-20Keywords:
medication adherence, medication adherence measure, diabetes, insulinAbstract
Evaluating patients’ adherence to their prescriptions is important when considering plans between patients and health care workers, and in explaining whether the desired outcomes of the plans are achieved. This article is intended to compile a variety of definitions pertaining to medication adherence and to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the assessment tools used to evaluate the adherence of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to their prescriptions. It also aims to explain the association between different levels of insulin adherence, based on various assessment tools, and diabetes control. Generally, medication adherence measures are divided into 2 types, i.e. whether they use direct methods or indirect methods to measure medication taking behavior. Some tools were developed specifically for a particular group of medicines. At present, certain adherence measuring tools for general medicine are applied for measuring insulin adherence. However, there is one tool that has been specifically developed to measure insulin adherence, i.e. Morisky Insulin Adherence Scale (MIAS). The current evidence suggests that the association between adherence and blood glucose control is varied and influenced by the adherence tool being used. Currently, there is no standard tool for assessing adherence to insulin injections. In addition, the correct use of insulin has not been incorporated as part of the assessment of adherence to insulin injections. Selecting an appropriate adherence tool should consider patient characteristics, including age and co-morbidity; the correct use of insulin; and other factors that may affect adherence. Furthermore, an assessment of adherence to insulin should not be derived only from a single tool since each tool has different potential advantages and limitations in providing an accurate figure of adherence.
References
World Health Organization. Diabetes 2003 [updated 13 April 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes.
American diabetes association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:S11-S24.
Diabetes Association of Thailand, Department of medical services, National Health Security office. Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes. Classification of diabetes 2017:21-4. (in Thai)
Department of Disease Control. Ministry of Public Health. Situation report of NCDs, diabetes, high blood pressure and related risk factors: Aksorn graphic and design publishing limited; 2019. (in Thai)
Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the international diabetes federation diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:1-10.
Odegard PS, Capoccia K. Medication taking and diabetes: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33:1014-29.
Cramer JA. A systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1218-24.
Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, Przemyslaw K, Demonceau J, Ruppar T, et al. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. British J Clin Pharm. 2012;73:691-705.
Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. NEJM. 2005;353:487-97.
Burnier M, Santschi V, Favrat B, Brunner HR. Monitoring compliance in resistant hypertension: an important step in patient management. J Hypertens. 2003;21:S37-42.
Cummings KM, Kirscht JP, Binder LR, Godley AJ. Determinants of drug treatment maintenance among hypertensive persons in inner city Detroit. Public Health Rep. 1982;97:99-106.
Vermeire E, Hearnshaw H, Van Royen P, Denekens J. Patient adherence to treatment: three decades of research. a comprehensive review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001;26:331-42.
Capoccia K, Odegard PS, Letassy N. Medication adherence with diabetes medication: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2016;42:34-71.
Stolpe S, Kroes MA, Webb N, Wisniewski T. A systematic review of adherence measures in patients with diabetes. JMCP. 2016;22:1224-46.
Suwannapong K, Klungrit S. Improving medication adherence in older persons with chronic illness. Royal Thai Navy Med J. 2019;46:717-31. (in Thai)
Chutitorn A. Medication adherence in clients with chronic illness. Thai Red Cross Nurs J. 2013;6:25-34. (in Thai)
Khlaihong W, Jitramontree N, Wirojratana V. Factors predicting medication adherence behaviors among older adults with type 2 diabetes. J Fac Nurs Burapha Univ. 2016;24:65-75. (in Thai)
Suphachamroon A, Lerkiatbundit S, Saengcharoen W. Validity and reliability of the medication adherence scale in thais (MAST): Testing in diabetes patients. Thai J Pharm Pract. 2018;10:607-19. (in Thai)
Khankaew W, Thanaboonpuang P. Selected factors affecting medication adherence among older patients with type 2 diabetes in mueang district, Ratchaburi province. J Health Res Improv Qual Life. 2021;1:1-12. (in Thai)
Dobbels F, Van Damme-Lombaert R, Vanhaecke J, De Geest S. Growing pains: non-adherence with the immunosuppressive regimen in adolescent transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant. 2005;9:381-90.
Sthapornnanon N. Medical non adherence. Thai Bull Pharm Sci (CPE). 2012;7:23-39. (in Thai)
Marengoni A, Monaco A, Costa E, Cherubini A, Prados-Torres A, Muth C, et al. Strategies to improve medication adherence in older persons: consensus statement from the senior Italia federanziani advisory board. Drugs Aging. 2016;33:629-37.
Assessment G. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan 1;45:S83.
Wu J-R, Moser DK, De Jong MJ, Rayens MK, Chung ML, Riegel B, et al. Defining an evidence-based cutpoint for medication adherence in heart failure. Am Heart J. 2009;157:285-91.
Lam WY, Fresco P. Medication adherence measures: an overview. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1-12.
Thompson K, Kulkarni J, Sergejew AA. Reliability and validity of a new medication adherence rating scale (MARS) for the psychoses. Schizophr Res. 2000;42:241-7.
Ehab Mudher M, Mohammed Hayder A-R. Assessing the adherence to insulin therapy and the effect of injection pain on insulin adherence among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Pharm Negat Results. 2020;11:65.
Osborn CY, Gonzalez JS. Measuring insulin adherence among adults with type 2 diabetes. J Behav Med. 2016;39:633-41.
Anghel LA, Farcas AM, Oprean RN. An overview of the common methods used to measure treatment adherence. Med Pharm Rep. 2019;92:117-22.
Hansen RA, Kim MM, Song L, Tu W, Wu J, Murray MD. Adherence: comparison of methods to assess medication adherence and classify nonadherence. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:413-22.
Osborn CY, Gonzalez JS. Measuring insulin adherence among adults with type 2 diabetes. J Behav Med. 2016;39:633-41.
Takahara M, Shiraiwa T, Ogawa N, Katakami N, Matsuoka T-a, Shimomura I. Clinical backgrounds associated with discrepancy between subjective and objective assessments of medication adherence in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetol Int. 2016;7:398-403.
Kakad P. To evaluate the level of agreement between two self-reported medication adherence scales and prescription refill records in older adults: Virginia Commonwealth University; 2009.
Tominaga Y, Aomori T, Hayakawa T, Morisky DE, Takahashi K, Mochizuki M. Relationship between medication adherence and glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Pharmazie. 2018;73:609-12.
Lin L-K, Sun Y, Heng BH, Chew DEK, Chong P-N. Medication adherence and glycemic control among newly diagnosed diabetes patients. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5:e000429.
Sriwarakorn S. Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported medication adherence tools. Chulalongkorn University; 2009. (in Thai)
Chowdhury S, Chakraborty PP. Errors of insulin therapy: real-life experiences from developing world. J Family Med Prim Care. 2017;6:724-9.
Waisayanand N, Suksatit B. Self-Administration of Insulin among Persons with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Royal Thai Navy Med J. 2017;18:11-7. (in Thai)
Kyngäs HA, Kroll T, Duffy ME. Compliance in adolescents with chronic diseases: a review. J Adolesc Health. 2000;26:379-88.
Kongkaew C. Patients’ medication taking behaviours: critiques of relevant terminologies. Thai Pharm Health Sci J. 2011;6:299-302.
Stewart RB, Springer PK, Adams JE. Drug-related admissions to an inpatient psychiatric unit. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137:1093-5.
Davidsen F, Haghfelt T, Gram LF, Brøsen K. Adverse drug reactions and drug non-compliance as primary causes of admission to a cardiology department. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;34:83-6.
World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva, Switzerland.2003. p. 136.
Barofsky I. Compliance, adherence and the therapeutic alliance: Steps in the development of self-care. Soc Sci Med. 1978;12:369-76.
Dickinson D, Wilkie P, Harris M. Taking medicines: concordance is not compliance. BMJ. 1999;319:783-8.
Cramer JA, Roy A, Burrell A, Fairchild CJ, Fuldeore MJ, Ollendorf DA, et al. Medication compliance and persistence: terminology and definitions. Value Health. 2008;11:44-7.
Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, Ward HJ. Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10:348-54.
Puengdokmai P, Charoenkitkarn V, Pinyopasakul W. Factors influencing medication adherence in hypertensive patients without complications. J Princess Naradhiwas Univ. 2016;8:16-26. (in Thai)
Ingkamanee N, Kusuma Na Ayuthya S, Puwarawuttipanit W. Effectiveness of promoting a problem-solving ability program on medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetic. J Nurs Sci. 2011;29:56-64.
Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE. The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure: results from 7 studies and a revised scale. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:943-50.
Sirikutjatuporn K, Wirojratana V, Jitramontre N. Factors predicting self-management behaviour of elderly type 2 diabetes patients. Thai J Nurs Counc 2017;32:81-93. (in Thai)
Sh S, Hsu YY, Toobert DJ, Wang ST. The validity and reliability of the summary of diabetes self-care activities questionnaire: an indonesian version. Indones Nurs J Ed Clin. 2019;4:25.
Rungrojwatanasiri N, Soonthornchaiya R, Upasen R. The effect of group social support program on medication adherence of elderly patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health. 2017;31:119-32. (in Thai)
Mayberry LS, Gonzalez JS, Wallston KA, Kripalani S, Osborn CY. The ARMS-D out performs the SDSCA, but both are reliable, valid, and predict glycemic control. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;102:96-104.
Jongwilaikasem K, Lerkiatbundit S. Development of the Medication Adherence Scale for Thais (MAST). Thai J Pharm Pract. 2021;13:17-30. (in Thai)
The Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Insulin injection. In: Professional skills criteria for pharmacy practitioners manual (competency). Nonthaburi: The Council; 2019. p.143-4.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All articles published and information contained in this journal such as text, graphics, logos and images is copyrighted by and proprietary to the Thai Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and may not be reproduced in whole or in part by persons, organizations, or corporations other than the Thai Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the authors without prior written permission.
