Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration: Focusing on The Role of Satellite Cells and Myogenic Regulatory Networks
Keywords:
skeletal muscle regeneration, muscle damage, satellite cells, quiescence, myogenesisAbstract
Understanding the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration is crucial for advancing therapeutic strategies to manage muscle injuries and prevent muscle-related degenerative diseases.
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a tightly regulated process involving structural, cellular, and molecular components. which provide mechanical stability and facilitate vascular and neural integration. Muscle fibers are multinucleated and contain organized myofibrils composed of actin and myosin, enabling contraction. In addition, muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells, are essential for muscle regeneration, and the balance between their quiescent and activated states has been widely investigated in regenerative biology. Upon activation, satellite cells exit quiescence, proliferate, differentiate into myoblasts, and fuse to form new myofibers. This regenerative process proceeds through three distinct stages: destruction, repair, and remodeling, coordinated by immune cells, cytokines, and growth factors. Transcription factors such as Pax7, MyoD, and MyoG play critical roles in regulating myogenesis. Effective muscle regeneration relies on the dynamic interplay between satellite cells, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix remodeling to restore functional integrity.
References
Bang S, Kim DE, Kang HT, Lee JH. Metformin restores autophagic flux and mitochondrial function in late passage myoblast to impede age-related muscle loss. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Nov;180:116981.
Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2020 Jan;12(1):e1462.
Feng LT, Chen ZN, Bian H. Skeletal muscle: molecular structure, myogenesis, biological functions, and diseases. MedComm (2020). 2024 Jul;5(7):e649.
Byun WS, Lee J, Baek JH. Beyond the bulk: overview and novel insights into the dynamics of muscle satellite cells during muscle regeneration. Inflamm Regen. 2024 Sep 26;44(1):39.
Woll KA, Van Petegem F. Calcium-release channels: structure and function of IP3 receptors and ryanodine receptors. Physiol Rev. 2022 Jan 1;102(1):209-68.
Lin BL, Song T, Sadayappan S. Myofilaments: Movers and Rulers of the Sarcomere. Compr Physiol. 2017 Mar 16;7(2):675-92.
Gautel M, Djinović-Carugo K. The sarcomeric cytoskeleton: from molecules to motion. J Exp Biol. 2016 Jan;219(Pt 2):135-45
Henderson CA, Gomez CG, Novak SM, Mi-Mi L, Gregorio CC. Overview of the Muscle Cytoskeleton. Compr Physiol. 2017 Jun 18;7(3):891-944.
Ojima K. Myosin: Formation and maintenance of thick filaments. Anim Sci J. 2019 Jul;90(7):801-7.
Seale P, Asakura A, Rudnicki MA. The potential of muscle stem cells. Dev Cell. 2001 Sep;1(3):333-42.
Yin H, Price F, Rudnicki MA. Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Physiol Rev. 2013 Jan;93(1):23-67
Dumont NA, Bentzinger CF, Sincennes MC, Rudnicki MA. Satellite Cells and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jul 1;5(3):1027-59.
Schmidt M, Schüler SC, Hüttner SS, von Eyss B, von Maltzahn J. Adult stem cells at work: regenerating skeletal muscle. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019 Jul;76(13):2559-70.
Byun WS, Lee J, Baek JH. Beyond the bulk: overview and novel insights into the dynamics of muscle satellite cells during muscle regeneration. Inflamm Regen. 2024 Sep 26;44(1):39.
Majchrzak K, Hentschel E, Hönzke K, Geithe C, von Maltzahn J. We need to talk-how muscle stem cells communicate. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1378548.
Yang W, Hu P. Skeletal muscle regeneration is modulated by inflammation. J Orthop Translat. 2018 Apr;13:25-32.
Waldemer-Streyer RJ, Kim D, Chen J. Muscle cell-derived cytokines in skeletal muscle regeneration. FEBS J. 2022 Nov;289(21):6463-83.
Wu J, Ren B, Wang D, Lin H. Regulatory T cells in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration: recent insights. Cell Death Dis. 2022 Aug 5;13(8):680
Endo T. Postnatal skeletal muscle myogenesis governed by signal transduction networks: MAPKs and PI3K-Akt control multiple steps. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2023 Nov 19;682:223-43.
Kaczmarek A, Kaczmarek M, Ciałowicz M, Clemente FM, Wolański P, Badicu G, et al. The Role of Satellite Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration-The Effect of Exercise and Age. Biology (Basel). 2021 Oct 18;10(10):1056.
Baar MP, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P, de Keizer PL. Musculoskeletal senescence: a moving target ready to be eliminated. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;40:147-55.
Baghdadi MB, Tajbakhsh S. Regulation and phylogeny of skeletal muscle regeneration. Dev Biol. 2018 Jan 15;433(2):200-9.
Mademtzoglou D, Relaix F. From cyclins to CDKIs: Cell cycle regulation of skeletal muscle stem cell quiescence and activation. Exp Cell Res. 2022 Nov 1;420(1):113275.
Isesele PO, Mazurak VC. Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Differentiation by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Critical Review. Front Physiol. 2021;12:682091.
Yeh CJ, Sattler KM, Lepper C. Molecular regulation of satellite cells via intercellular signaling. Gene. 2023 Mar 30;858:147172.
Yu D, Cai Z, Li D, Zhang Y, He M, Yang Y, et al. Myogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Stem Cells Int. 2021;2021:8884283
Forcina L, Miano C, Pelosi L, Musarò A. An Overview about the Biology of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells. Curr Genomics. 2019 Jan;20(1):24-37.
Zammit PS. Function of the myogenic regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin and MRF4 in skeletal muscle, satellite cells and regenerative myogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2017 Dec;72:19-32.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Physiological and Biomedical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
