Genetic Diversity of Captive Eastern Sarus Crane in Thailand Inferred from Mitochondrial Control Region Sequence and Microsatellite DNA markers
Keywords:
Conservation breeding, d-loop, haplotype, heterozygosity, polymorphismAbstract
The eastern sarus crane, Grus antigone sharpii, was reported to be extinct from Thailand, thus a captive breeding is a crucial step to reintroduce the crane population back into the wild. However, genetic diversity in a captive population is also of immense importance as well as the increase number of individuals. This study aimed to assess genetic diversity of captive crane populations at Khao Kheow Open Zoo and Bangpra Water Bird Breeding Station, Chonburi Province, using both mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Mitochondrial control regions of G. a. sharpii were sequenced (1,003 bps.) and 10 microsatellite primer pairs isolated from blue crane were used to screen for polymorphic loci using cross-species amplification. The results revealed that captive G. a. sharpii show high haplotype diversity (0.915) and heterozygosity (mean HE = 0.77 and HO = 0.85), with low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.042) and inbreeding (FIS = -0.095). Moreover, Bayesian analysis using STRUCTURE suggested that the two captive populations are genetically similar and shared many common alleles (K = 1), which also supported by haplotype network and phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, these captive crane populations may be suitable for future breeding and reintroduction programs.
References
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Zou, H., Dong, H., Kong, W., Ma, J. and Liu, J. 2010. Characterization of 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), an endangered bird. Animal Science Journal, 81: 519-522.
Barzen, J.A. and Seal, U.S. 2000. Eastern sarus crane PHVA final report, United States of America: Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), Apple Valley, MN, 204 pp.
BirdLife International. 2016. Antigone antigone, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692064A93335364, Available from: http:// dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22 692064A93335364.en, (17 November 2017).
Desjardins, P. and Morais, R. 1990. Sequence and gene organization of the chicken mitochondrial genome. Journal of Molecular Biology, 212: 599-634.
Ebenhard, T. 1995. Conservation breeding as a tool for saving animal species from extinction. Trees, 10: 438-443.
Excoffier, L. and Lischer, H.E.L. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10: 564-567.
Frankham, R., Ballou, J.D. and Briscoe, D.A. 2002. Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, New York, 607 pp.
Glenn, T.C., Stephan, W. and Braun, M.J. 1999. Effects of a population bottleneck on whooping crane mitochondrial DNA variation. Conservation Biology, 13: 1097-1107.
Goudet, J. 2001. FSTAT, version 2.9.3, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices. Lausanne University: Lausanne, Switzerland.
Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. and Gascuel, O. 2010. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology, 59: 307-321.
Hasegawa, O., Takada, S., Yoshida, M.C. and Abe, S. 1999. Variation of mitochondrial control region sequences in three crane species, the red-crowned crane Grus japonensis, the common crane G. grus and the hooded crane G. monacha. Zoological Science, 16: 685-692.
Henkel, J.R., Jones, K.L., Hereford, S.G., Savoie, M.L., Leibo, S.P. and Howard, J.J. 2012. Integrating microsatellite and pedigree analyses to facilitate the captive management of the endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla). Zoo Biology, 31: 322–335.
Insee, J. 2013. Genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA, melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) and sex chromosome in captive eastern sarus crane (Grus antigone sharpii) and its application for sexing, subspecies identification and genetic management. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 105 pp.
Jones, K.L., Barzen, J.A. and Ashley, M.V. 2005. Geographical partitioning of microsatellite variation in the sarus crane. Animal Conservation, 8:1-8.
Jones, K.L., Henkel, J.R., Howard, J.J., Lance, S.L., Hagen, C. and Glenn, T.C. 2010. Isolation and characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci for the endangered whooping crane (Grus americana) and their applicability to other crane species. Conservation Genetic Resources, 2: 251-254.
Kalinowski, S.T. and Taper, M.L. 2006. Maximum likelihood estimation of the frequency of null alleles at microsatellite loci. Conservation Genetics, 7: 991-995.
Krajewski, C., Sipiorski, J.T. and Anderson, F.E. 2010. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (gruiformes: gruidae). The Auk, 127: 440-452.
Librado, P. and Rozas, J. 2009. DnaSP version 5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25: 1451-1452.
Meares, K., Dawson, D.A., Horsburgh, G.J., Perrin, M.R., Burke, T. and Taylor, T.D. 2008. Characterisation of 14 blue crane Grus paradisea (Gruidae, AVES) microsatellite loci for use in detecting illegal trade. Conservation Genetics, 9: 1363-1367.
Miura, Y., Shiomi, A., Shiraishi, J., Makita, K., Asakawa, M., Kitazawa, T., Hiraga, T., Momose, Y., Momose, K., Masatomi, H. and Teraoka, H. 2012. Large-scale survey of mitochondrial D-loop of the red-crowned crane Grus japonensis in Hokkaido, Japan by convenient genotyping method. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 75: 43-47.
Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M. and Donnelly, P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155: 945-959.
Purchkoon, N. 2013. Eastern sarus crane. Nature and Environment, 2: 7-15.
Purchkoon, N., Salangsing, N., Senanok, S., Noisaward, C. and Poksaward, C. 2015. Eastern sarus crane will be back. Zoological Park Organization of Thailand under Royal Patronage of H.M. The King, Bangkok (in Thai).
Randi, E. and Lucchini, V. 1998. Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 47: 449-462.
Raymond, M. and Rousset, F. 1995. GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetic software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86: 248–249.
Rousset, F. and Raymond, M. 1995. Testing heterozygote excess and deficiency. Genetics, 140: 1413-1419.
Rousset, F. 2008. GENEPOP’007: a complete re-implementation of the GENEPOP software for Windows and Linux. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8: 103-106.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. and Kumar, S. 2013. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30: 2725-2729.
Thomson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. and Gibson, T.J. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22: 4673–4680.
van Oosterhout, C. Hutchinson, W.F., Wills, D.P.M. and Shipley, P. 2004. MICRO-CHECKER: software of identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4: 535-538.
Witzenberger, K.A. and Hochkirch, A. 2011. Ex situ conservation genetics: a review of molecular studies on the genetic consequences of captive breeding programmes for endangered animal species. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20: 1843-1861.
Zou, H., Dong, H., Kong, W., Ma, J. and Liu, J. 2010. Characterization of 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), an endangered bird. Animal Science Journal, 81: 519-522.
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Published
2018-09-29
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SANKHOM, R., WARRIT, N., PIMPAKAN, T. and WIWEGWEAW, A. 2018. Genetic Diversity of Captive Eastern Sarus Crane in Thailand Inferred from Mitochondrial Control Region Sequence and Microsatellite DNA markers. Tropical Natural History. 18, 2 (Sep. 2018), 84–96.
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