Method Development for Analyzing the Naphthalene Metabolites in Milk Powder with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
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Abstract
Naphthalene, also known as mothballs, is a volatile organic compound widely used in insect repellents. However, it is classified as a carcinogen and can cause health effects, particularly in at-risk populations such as children and breastfeeding individuals. When naphthalene gas is inhaled, it is metabolized into 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol, which are excreted in urine and breast milk. This study aimed to develop a method for detecting naphthalene metabolites in breast milk using laboratory-prepared samples made from milk powder (baby formula) with chemical compositions similar to human breast milk. The 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol were added to the study as indicated. The samples obtained from the extraction are dried and reacted with BSTFA+1%TMCS and further analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The method complied with USFDA Guidance requirements. The linear correlation was observed in the concentration range of 10.00-500.00 ng/ml for 1-naphthol (r2 = 0.998) and for 2-naphthol (r2 = 0.998). The limit of detection by this method was 10 ng/ml with the accuracy ranged from 95.73-114.96% and the precision was 0.03-15.02 %CV at the studied concentrations (10.00, 25.00, 50.00 and 100.00 ng/ml). The development of a method for analyzing 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol in milk has been able to analyze the following substances well. The method demonstrates high accuracy according to the specified criteria and is suitable for application to human breast milk, particularly donated milk, before it is provided to infants. However, further research is needed to explore the analysis of naphthalene metabolites in human breast milk.
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References
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