High Absorbable Cassava Starch/Poly (vinyl alcohol) Sponge for Medical Applications

Main Article Content

Pusita Kuchaiyaphum*
Suphitsara Euaklang
Anucha Raksanti
Chatrachatchaya Chotichayapong

Abstract

Absorbable cassava starch-based sponges are prepared by freeze-drying method. The mixing solutions of cassava starch, poly (vinyl alcohol) and glycerol with various weight ratios are put in the freeze-dryer machine at -40 ºC for 24 h to change to sponge form with interconnecting porosity. The obtained sponge at 50/35-15 weight ratio of CS/PVA-glycerol is soft yet tough, foldable and tolerable to the hands, easy to manipulate and cut into the desired form. The results of porosity and water absorption test reveal high water absorption of the sponge with 67% of total porosity and 522% of water absorption. Iodine test and UV-Vis absorption show no starch dispersion into the medium after sponge immersion in PBS for 7 days. The blood absorbability of the sponge is higher than gauze and cotton pad in the same size. The results demonstrate that the prepared sponge could effectively be used as absorbable for medical applications.


Keywords: Cassava starch; Poly (vinyl alcohol); absorbable sponge; medical application


*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Article Details

Section
Original Research Articles

References

Bunzen, D.L., Lins, N., Leal, M.D., Lira, M.M.D. and Neto, S.D.C., 2014. Middle ear packing materials: comparison between absorbable hemostatic gelatine sponge and sugarcane biopolymer sponge in rats. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 80, 237-244.

Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Meng, W., Yang, X., Li, P., Jiang, J., Tan, H. and Zheng, Y., 2016. Preparation of porous carboxymethyl chitosan grafted poly (acrylic acid) superabsorbent by solvent precipitation and its application as a hemostatic wound dressing. Materials Science and Engineering C, 63, 18-29.

Chang, Y.I., Yang, Y.Y., Cheng, W.Y. and Jang, L., 2017. Making PVF porous sponge with and without using the pore-forming agent. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 74, 246-254.

Xie, Y., Yi, Z.X., Wang, J.X., Hou, T.G. and Jiang, Q., 2018. Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan - crosslinked chitosan sponges for wound dressing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 112, 1225-1233.

Champion, H.R., Bellamy, R.F., Roberts, C.P. and Leppaniem, A., 2003. A profile of combat injury. The Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care, 54, 13-19.

Kozen, B.G., Kircher, S.J., Henao, J., Godinez, F.S. and Johnson, A.S., 2008. An alternative hemostatic dressing: comparison of CELOX, HemCon, and QuikClot. Academic Emergency Medicine, 15, 74-81.

Ward, K.R., Tiba, M.H., Holbert, W.H., Blocher, C.R., Draucker, G.T., Proffitt, E.K., Bowlin, G.L., Ivatury, R.R. and Diegelmann, R.F., 2007. Comparison of a new hemostatic agent to current combat hemostatic agents in a swine model of lethal extremity arterial hemorrhage. The Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care, 63, 276-284.

Kheirabadi, B.S., Acheson, E.M., Deguzman, R., Crissey, J.M., Delgado, A.V.,

Estep, S.J. and Holcomb, J.B., 2007. The potential utility of fibrin sealant dressing in repair of vascular injury in swine. The Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care, 62, 94-103.

Kauvar, D.S., Lefering, R. and Wade, C.E., 2006. Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: an overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations. The Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care, 60, 3-11.

Heckbert, S.R., Vedder, N.B., Hoffman, W., Winn, R.K., Hudson, L.D., Jurkovich, G.J. and Maler, R.V., 1998. Outcome after hemorrhagic shock in trauma patients. The Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care, 45, 545-549.

Johnson, D., Bates, S., Nukalo, S., Staub, A., Hines, A., Leishman, T., Michel, J., Sikes, D., Gegel, B. and Burgert, J., 2014. The effects of quikclot combat gauze on hemorrhage control in the presence of hemodilution and hypothermia. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 3, 21-25.

Khoshmohabat, H., Paydar, S., Kazemi, H.M. and Dalfardi, B., 2016. Overview of agents used for emergency hemostasis. Trauma Monthly, 21(1), e26023.

Achneck, H.E., Sileshi, B., Jamiolkowski, R.M., Albala, D.M., Shapiro, M.L. and Lawson, J.H., 2012. A comprehensive review of topical hemostatic agents: efficacy and recommendations for use. Annals of Surgery, 251, 217-228.

Doppalapudi, S., Katiyar, S., Domb, A.J. and Khan, W., 2015. Biodegradable natural polymers. In: F. Puoci, ed. Advanced Polymers in Medicine. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 33-66.

Nair, L.S. and Laurencin, C.T., 2006. Polymers as biomaterials for tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 102, 47-90.

Salgado, A.J., Gomes, M.E., Chou, A., Coutinho, O.P., Reis, R.L. and Hutmacher, D.W., 2002. Preliminary study on the adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblasts on starch-based scaffolds. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 20, 27-33.

Salgado, A.J., Coutinho, O.P. and Reis, R.L., 2004. Novel starch-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: cytotoxicity, cell culture, and protein expression. Tissue Engineering,10, 465-474.

Salgado, A.J., Figueiredo, J.E., Coutonho, O.P. and Reis, R.L., 2005. Biological response to pre-mineralized starch based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 16, 267-275.

Torgbo, S. and Sukyai, P., 2018. Bacterial cellulose-based scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering. Applied Materials Today, 11, 34-49.

Shibata, N., Nishumura, A., Naruhashi, K., Nakao, Y. and Miura, R., 2010. Preparation and pharmaceutical evaluation of new sustained-release capsule including starch-sponge matrix (SSM). Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 64, 352-358.

Malafaya, P.B., Stappers, F. and Reis, R.L., 2006. Starch-based microspheres produced by emulsion crosslinking with a potential media dependent responsive behavior to be used as drug delivery carriers. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 17, 371-377.

Bice, C.W., MacMasters, M.M. and Hilbert, G.E., 1944. Proposed use of starch sponges as internal surgical dressings absorbable by the body. Science, 100, 227-228.

Vasconcelos, D.C.L., Brandão, F.G., Nunes, E.H.M., Caldeira, L., Houmard, M., Musse, A.P., Hatimondi, S.A., Nascimento, J.F. and Vasconcelos, W.L., 2012. Synthesis and structural characterization of potato starch sponges. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 358, 2663-2666.

Korchin, L., 1956. An investigation to determine the effects of starch sponge implanted in bone. Journal of Dental Research, 35, 446-457.

Niu, W., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, B., Liu, M., Luo, Y., Zhao, P., Zhang, Y., Wu, H., Ma, L. and Li, Z., 2017. Starch-derived absorbable polysaccharide hemostat enhances bone healing via BMP-2 protein. Acta Histochemica, 119, 257-263.

Hassan, C.M. and Peppas, N.A., 2000. Structure and applications of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels produced by conventional crosslinking or by freezing/thawing methods. Advances in Polymer Science, 153, 37-65.

Baker, M.I., Walsh, S.P., Schwartz, Z. and Boyan, B.D., 2012. A review of polyvinyl alcohol and its uses in cartilage and orthopaedic applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 100, 1451-1457.

Zhang, Y., Ye, L., Cui, M., Yang, B., Li, J., Sun, H. and Yao, F., 2015. Physically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol)-carrageenan composite hydrogels: pore structure stability and cell adhesive ability. RSC Advances, 5, 78180-78191.

Baker, M.I., Walsh, S.P., Schwartz, Z. and Boyan, B.D., 2012. Polyvinyl alcohol in medicine and pharmacy: a perspective. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B:Applied Biomaterials, 100, 1451-1457.

Gaaz, T.S., Sulong, A.B., Akhtar, M.N., Kadhum, A.A.H., Mohamad, A.B. and Al-Amiery, A.A., 2015. Properties and applications of polyvinyl alcohol, halloysite nanotubes and their nanocomposites. Molecules, 20, 22833-22847.

Bhardwaj, N. and Kundu, S.C., 2011. Silk fibroin protein and chitosan polyelectrolyte complex porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 85, 325-333.

Gontard, N., Guilbert, S. and Cuq, L., 1992. Edible wheat gluten films: influence of the main process variables on film properties using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Science, 58, 190-195.

Nwokocha, L.M. and Ogunmola, G.B., 2014. Colour of starch-iodine complex as index of retrogradability of starch pastes. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 8, 89-93.

Huang, X., Sun, Y., Nie, J., Lu, W., Yang, L., Zhang, Z., Yin, H., Wang, Z. and Hu, Q., 2015. Using absorbable chitosan hemostatic sponges as a promising surgical dressing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 75, 322-329.

Kristen, H., Connie, C.Y., Joseph, S. and Abel, T., 2007. A clinically practical way to estimate surgical blood loss. Dermatology Online Journal, 13, 17.

Algadiem, E.A., Aleisa, A.A., Alsubaie, H.I., Buhlaiqah, N.R., Algadeeb, J.B. and Alsneini H.A., 2016. Blood loss estimation using gauze visual analogue. Trauma Monthly, 21, 34131.

Hamdan, S., Hashim, D.M.A., Ahmad, M. and Embong, S., 2000. Compatibility studies of polypropylene (PP)-sago starch (SS) blends using DMTA. Journal of Polymer Research, 7, 237-244.

Ge, X.C., Xu, Y., Meng, Y.Z. and Li, R.K.Y., 2005. Thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable composites of poly (propylene carbonate) and starch-poly (methyl acrylate) graft copolymer. Composites Science and Technology, 65, 2219-2225.

Mano, J.F., Koniarova, D. and Reis, R.L., 2003. Thermal properties of thermoplastic starch/synthetic polymer blends with potential biomedical applicability. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 14, 127-135.

Kaewtatip, K. and Tanrattanakul, V., 2008. Preparation of cassava starch grafted with polystyrene by suspension polymerization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 73, 647-655.

Galdeano, M.C., Grossmann, M.V.E., Mali, S., Bello-Perez, L.A., Garcia, M.A. and Zamudio-Flores, P.B., 2009. Effects of production process and plasticizers on stability of films and sheets of oat starch. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 29, 492-498.

Saiah, R., Sreekumar, P.A., Leblanc, N. and Saiter, J.M., 2009. Structure and thermal stability of thermoplastic films based on wheat flour modified by monoglyceride. Industrial Crops and Products, 29, 241-247.

Lomelí-Ramírez, M.G., Kestur, S.G., Manríquez-González, R., Iwakiri, S., Muniz, G.B. and Flores-Sahagun, T.S., 2014. Bio-composites of cassava starch-green coconut fiber: part II-structure and properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 102, 576-583.

Muzzarelli, R.A.A., 2009. Chitins and chitosans for the repair of wounded skin, nerve, cartilage and bone. Carbohydrate Polymers, 76, 167-182.

Wang, C.C., Su, C.H. and Chen, C.C., 2008. Water absorbing and antibacterial properties of N-isopropyl acrylamide grafted and collagen/chitosan immobilized polypropylene nonwoven fabric and its application on wound healing enhancement. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 84, 1006-1017.

Anisha, B.S., Sankar, D., Mohandas, A., Chennazhi, K.P., Nair, S.V. and Jayakumar, R., 2013. Chitosan-hyaluronan/nano chondroitin sulfate ternary composite sponges for medical use. Carbohydrate Polymers, 92, 1470-1476.

Costa, E.D., Pereira, M.M. and Mansur, H.S., 2009. Properties and biocompatibility of chitosan films modified by blending with PVA and chemically crosslinked. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 20, 553-561.

Parida, U.K., Nayak, A.K., Binhani, B.K. and Nayak, P.L., 2011. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol blended with cloisite 30B for controlled release of the anticancer drug curcumin. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2, 414-425.

Vimala, K., Mohan, Y.M., Sivudu, K.S., Varaprasad, K., Ravindra, S., Reddy, N.N., Padma, Y., Sreedhar, B. and MohanaRaju, K., 2010. Fabrication of porous chitosan films impregnated with silver nanoparticles: a facile approach for superior antibacterial application. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 76, 248-258.

Hou, Y., Xia, Y., Pan, Y., Tang, S., Sun, X., Xie, Y., Guo, H. and Wei, J., 2017. Influences of mesoporous zinc-calcium silicate on water absorption, degradability, antibacterial efficacy, hemostatic performances and cell viability to microporous starch based hemostat. Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications, 76, 340-349.

Raymond, M.A., Smith, E.R. and Liesegang, J., 1996. The physical properties of blood-forensic considerations. Science and Justice, 36, 153-160.