Medical Benefits of Medicinal Mushrooms
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Mar 30, 2018
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Abstract
Extracts from many medicinal mushrooms have long been used for a wide range of ailments in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Modern scientific and medical studies are increasingly supporting many of these health claims. Some of the main areas of medical studies include blood-pressure lowering, cholesterol lowering, liver protective, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial activities.
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References
[1] C. Hobbs, Medicinal Mushrooms: An exploration of traditional, healing and culture (Santa Cruz, CA., Botanica Press 1995).
[2] S.P. Wasser and A.L. Weis, Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycete mushrooms: current perspective. Internal Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 31-62.
[3] N. Gunde-Cimerman, Medicinal value of the genus Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Karst. (Agaricales S.R., Basidiomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 69-80.
[4] J.Z. Ying, X.L. Mao, W.M. Ma, Y.C. Zong and H.A. Wen, Icons of medicinal fungi from China (Translated Y.J. Xu) (Beijing, Science Press, 1987).
[5] D. Bensky and A. gamble, Chinese materia medica 2nd Ed. (Seattle, Eastland Press, 1993).
[6] V.E.C. Ooi and F.Liu, A review of pharmacological activities of mushroom polysaccharides. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 195-206.
[7] C. Hobbs, Medicinal value of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Agaricomycetideae). A literature review, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2, 2000, 287-302.
[8] J.E. Smith, N. Rowan and R. Sullivan, Medicinal mushrooms: their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments. A Special Report for Cancer Research UK, 2002.
[9] J.E. Smith, N. Rowan and R. Sullivan, Medicinal mushrooms: a rapidly developing area of biotechnology for cancer therapy and other bioactivities, Biotechnology Letters 24, 2002, 2839-2845.
[10] N.J. Rowan, J.E. Smith and R. Sullivan, Immunomodulatory activities of mushroom glucans and polysaccharide-protein complexes in animals and humans. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. In press.
[11] J.E. Smith, N.J. Rowan and R. Sullivan, The role of mushroom glucans and polysaccharide-protein complexes in cancer therapy. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. In press.
[12] A.W. Alberts, J.S. MacDonald, A.E. Till, and J.A. Tobert, Lovastatin. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 7, 1989, 89-109.
[13] W.M. Breene. Nutritional and medicinal value of specialtiy mushrooms. Journal of Food Protection 53, 1990, 883-894.
[14] V.W. Rodwell, J.L. Nordstrom, and J.J. Mitschelen, Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase. Advances in Lipid Research 14, 1976, 1-74.
[15] A.W. Alberts, J. Chen, V. Kuron and J. Hunt, Mevinolin, a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-co-enzyme A reductase and cholesterol-lowering agent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 77, 1980, 3957-3961.
[16] N. Gunde-Cimerman and A. Cimerman, Pleurotus fruiting-bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase-lovastatin. Experimental Mycology 19, 1995, 1-6.
[17] N. Gunde-Cimerman, A. Plemenitas and A. Cimerman, Pleurotus fungi produce mevinolin, an inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase. FEMS Microbiology Letters 113, 1993, 333-338.
[18] P. Bobek, E. Ginter, M. Jucovicova, L. Ozdin and D. Mekinova, Cholesterol lowering effect of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus inhereditary hypercholesterolemic rats. Annual of Nutrition and Metabolism 35, 1991, 1991, 191-195.
[19] L.H. Ryong and V.V. Tertov, Antiatherogenic and antiatherosclerotic effects of mushroom extracts revealed in human aorta intima cell culture. Drug Development Research 17, 1989, 109-117.
[20] J.H. Sheng and Q.H. Chen, Antilipemic effect of polysaccharides from Auricularia aurantia, Tremella fuciformis and T. fuciformis spores. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University 20, 1989, 344-347.
[21] T. Kiho, H. Merimoto, T. Kobayashi, S. Usiu, S. Ukai, K. Aizawa and T. Inakuma, Effect of polysaccharide (TAP) from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia on glucose metabolism in mouse liver. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 64, 2000, 417-419.
[22] A. Koichi and I. Takahiro, Antihypercholesterolemic agent, hypocholesterolemic agent and agent for preventing and treating arteriosclerosis. JP Patent No. 11193244 published 21.07.1999.
[23] S. Susuki and S. Ohshima, Influence of shiitake Lentinus edodes on human serum cholesterol. Annual Report of National Institute of Nutrition 25, 1974, 89-94.
[24] Y. Kabir and S. Kimura, Dietary mushrooms reduce blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 35, 1989, 91-94.
[25] K. Sugiyama and A. Yamakawa, Dietary eritadenine-induced alteration of molecular species composition of phospholipids in rats. Lipids 31, 1996, 399-404.
[26] C. Francia, S. Rapior, R. Courtecuisse and Y. Srioux, Current research findings on the effects of selected mushrooms on cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 169-172.
[27] Q.Y. Yang and S.C. Jong, Medicinal mushrooms in China. Mushroom Science (Part 1), 1989, 631-643.
[28] T. Willard, Reishi mushroom: herb of spiritual potency and medical wonder. (Washing: Sylvan Press, 1990).
[29] T. Kiho, H. Morimoto, M. Sakushima, S. Usui, and S. Ukai, Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXV. Anti-diabetic activity of an acidic polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 18, 1995, 1627-1629.
[30] Z. Yuan, P.M. Hei, J.H. Cui and H. Takeuchi, Hypoglycemic effect of water soluble polysaccharide from Auricularia auricular-judae Quel on genetic diabetic KK-Ay mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 62, 1998, 1898-1903.
[31] H. Hikimo, M. Ishiyama, Y. Suzuki and C. Konno, Mechanisms of hypoglycaemic activity of ganoderan B: a glycan of Ganoderma Iucidum fruitbodies. Planta Medica 55, 1989, 423-428.
[32] M.W. Kim, M.H. Park and G.H. Kim, Effects of mushroom protein-bound polysaccharides on the blood glucose levels and energy metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Korean Nutrition 30, 1997, 743-750.
[33] O-H. Kim, B-K. Yang, N-I. Hur, S. Das, J-W. Yum, Y-S. Choi and C-H. Song, Hypoglycemic effects of mycelia produced from submerged culture of Phellinus linteus (Berk. Et Curt) Teng (A phyllopharomycetideae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 3, 2001, 21-26.
[34] S.C. Jong and R. Donovick, Antitumour and antiviral substances from fungi. Advances in Applied Microbiology 34, 1990, 183-262.
[35] Y. Yamamoto, Immunopotentiating activity of the water-soluble lignin rich fractions prepared from LEM, the extract of the solid culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 61, 1977, 1909-1912.
[36] W. Ito and I. Sugawara, Immunopharmacological study of sulfated schizophyllan (SPG). 1. Its action as a mitogen and anti-HIV agent. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 12, 1990, 225-233.
[37] H. Matsuyama, R.E.P. Mangindaan and T. Yano, Protective effect of schizophyllan and scleroglucan against Streptococcus sp. infection in yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture 101, 1992, 97-203.
[38] K. Ishikawa, Anti-HIV activity in cytopathic effects of proteoglucan extracted from maitake mushroom. (National Institute of Health (Japan). January 23, 1991).
[39] U.S. National Cancer Institute. In vitro anti-HIV drug screening results, development therapeutics program. January 17, 1992.
[40] C. Zhuang and T. Mizuno, Biological responses from Grifola frondosa (Dick.: Fr.) S.F. Gray – Maitake (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 317-324.
[41] S. Tsukagoshi, PSK (Krestin). Cancer Treatment Reviews 11, 1984, 131-155.
[42] H. Sakagami and M. Takeda, Diverse biological activity of PSK (Krestin), a protein bound polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor. In Mushroom Biology and Mushroom products. S.T. Chang, J.A. Buswell and S.W. Chiu, eds. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 1993, 237-245.
[43] M.A. Brizuela and L. Garcia, Basidiomicetos: nueva fuente de metabolites secundarios. Rev Iberoam Mic. 15, 1998, 69-74.
[44] T. Anke, Basidiomycetes: a source of new bioactive secondary metabolites. Progress in Industrial Microbiology 27, 1989, 51-66.
[45] I. Suay and F. Arenal, Screening of Basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 78, 2000, 129-139.
[46] E-A. Bae, D-H. Kim and M.J. Han, Effect of Lentinus edodes on the growth of intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Archives Pharmaceutical Research 20, 1997, 443-447.
[47] A.B. Onderdonk, R.L. Cisneros, P.L. Huakson and G.R. Ostroff, Anti-infective effect of poly β 1-6 glucotriosyl-β-103-glucopyranose glucan in vivo. Immunology 60, 1992, 1642-1647.
[50] T.J. Babineau, et al. A phase II muti-centre double-blind randomized placebocontrolled study of three dosages of an immunomodulatory (PGG-glucan) in high-risk surgical patients. Archives of Surgery 129, 1994a, 1204-1210.
[51] S. Cuzzocrea, D.P. Riley, A.P. Caputi and D. Salvemini, Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacology Reviews 53, 2001, 135-139.
[52] D. Salvimini, Z.Q. Wang, D.M. Bourdon, M.K. Ster, M.C. Currie and P.T. Manning, Evidence of peroxynitrite involvement in the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema. European Journal of Pharmacology 303, 1996, 217.
[53] S. Ukai, T. Kohi, C. Hara, I. Kuruma and Y. Tanaker, Polysaccharides in fungi: XIV. Antiinflammatory effect of the polysaccharides from the fruit bodies of several fungi. Journal of Pharmacology Dynamics 6, 1983, 83-990.
[54] R.J. Xiu, Accelerated wound healing. 1996, US Patent No. 5547672 published 20.01.1996.
[55] F. Liu, V.E.C. Ooi and S.T. chang, Free radical scavenging activities of mushroom polysaccharide extracts. Life Sciences 64, 1997, 1005-1011.
[56] J.H. Pan, et al. Preventative effects of Ganoderma Iucidum on the radical injury induced by Adriamycin. Pharmacological Clinical Chinese Materia Medicine 14, 1998, 27-28.
[57] E.X. Tao, The effect of Ganoderma Iucidum on the cellular immunological functions in the elderly. Chinese Journal of Geriatrics 12, 1993, 298-310.
[58] M. Li, and L.S. Lei, Effect of Ganoderma Iucidum polysaccharides on oxygen-free radicals in murine peritoneal macrophages. Zhongguo Yadikxue Yu Dulixue Zazhi – Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 14, 2000, 65-68.
[59] H. Sakagami and T. Aoki, Induction of immunopotentiation activity by a protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK (Review). Anticancer Research 11, 1991, 993-1000.
[60] H. Kobayashi and K. Kariya, Suppressive effects on cancer cell proliferation of the enhancement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity associated with the protein-bound polysaccharide of Coriolus versicolor Quel. Cancer Biotherapy 9, 1994, 171-178.
[61] C. Yuan and Z. Meiz, PSK protects macrophages from lipoperoxide accumulation and foam cell formation caused by oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 124, 1996, 171-181.
[62] T.X. Hu, and J.W. Chen, Effects of polysaccharide-peptide of Coriolus and polysaccharide of Ganoderma on scavenging active oxygen species. Acta Biochimica Biophysica Simca 24, 1992, 465-470.
[63] M. Hirotani and C. Ito, Ganoderic acids T, S and R, new triterpenoids from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma Iucidum. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34, 1986, 2282-2285.
[64] R.Y. Chen and D.Q. Yu, Studies on the triterpenoid constituents of the spores from Ganoderma Iucidum. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao (Acta Pharmaceut Simica) 26, 1991, 267-273.
[65] H.W. Kim, and B.K. Kim, Biomedical triterpenoids of Ganoderma Iucidum (Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst (Aphylopharomycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 121-138.
[66] T. Mizuno, Bioactive biomolecules of mushrooms: food function and medicinal effect of mushroom fungi. Food Reviews International 11, 1995, 7-21.
[67] R. Yan, Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with Wulingdan pill. Journal of Fourth Military Medical College 8, 1987, 380-383.
[68] T.S. Soo, The therapeutic value of Ganoderma Iucidum 8th International Mycological Congress (IMC5) Abstract, Vancouver, B.C., 1994, p. 95.
[69] D. Bensky and R. Barolet, Chinese herbal medicine: formulas and strategies (Easte and Peers, Seattle, WA. 1990).
[70] S. Kakuma, Effect of schizophyllan, a polysaccharide, on interferon gamma antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation specific for hepatitis B virus antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B. International Journal Immunopharmacology 13, 1991, 969-975.
[71] H. Zhou, Antihepatitis and antimutation effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis and Auricularia auricular. Zhongguo Yoaoke Duxue Xuebao 20, 1989, 51-53.
[72] J.H.K. Yeung, Effect of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) on in vivo sulphation and glucuronidation of paracetamol in the rat. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 20, 1995, 287-292.
[2] S.P. Wasser and A.L. Weis, Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycete mushrooms: current perspective. Internal Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 31-62.
[3] N. Gunde-Cimerman, Medicinal value of the genus Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Karst. (Agaricales S.R., Basidiomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 69-80.
[4] J.Z. Ying, X.L. Mao, W.M. Ma, Y.C. Zong and H.A. Wen, Icons of medicinal fungi from China (Translated Y.J. Xu) (Beijing, Science Press, 1987).
[5] D. Bensky and A. gamble, Chinese materia medica 2nd Ed. (Seattle, Eastland Press, 1993).
[6] V.E.C. Ooi and F.Liu, A review of pharmacological activities of mushroom polysaccharides. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 195-206.
[7] C. Hobbs, Medicinal value of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Agaricomycetideae). A literature review, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2, 2000, 287-302.
[8] J.E. Smith, N. Rowan and R. Sullivan, Medicinal mushrooms: their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments. A Special Report for Cancer Research UK, 2002.
[9] J.E. Smith, N. Rowan and R. Sullivan, Medicinal mushrooms: a rapidly developing area of biotechnology for cancer therapy and other bioactivities, Biotechnology Letters 24, 2002, 2839-2845.
[10] N.J. Rowan, J.E. Smith and R. Sullivan, Immunomodulatory activities of mushroom glucans and polysaccharide-protein complexes in animals and humans. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. In press.
[11] J.E. Smith, N.J. Rowan and R. Sullivan, The role of mushroom glucans and polysaccharide-protein complexes in cancer therapy. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. In press.
[12] A.W. Alberts, J.S. MacDonald, A.E. Till, and J.A. Tobert, Lovastatin. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 7, 1989, 89-109.
[13] W.M. Breene. Nutritional and medicinal value of specialtiy mushrooms. Journal of Food Protection 53, 1990, 883-894.
[14] V.W. Rodwell, J.L. Nordstrom, and J.J. Mitschelen, Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase. Advances in Lipid Research 14, 1976, 1-74.
[15] A.W. Alberts, J. Chen, V. Kuron and J. Hunt, Mevinolin, a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-co-enzyme A reductase and cholesterol-lowering agent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 77, 1980, 3957-3961.
[16] N. Gunde-Cimerman and A. Cimerman, Pleurotus fruiting-bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase-lovastatin. Experimental Mycology 19, 1995, 1-6.
[17] N. Gunde-Cimerman, A. Plemenitas and A. Cimerman, Pleurotus fungi produce mevinolin, an inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase. FEMS Microbiology Letters 113, 1993, 333-338.
[18] P. Bobek, E. Ginter, M. Jucovicova, L. Ozdin and D. Mekinova, Cholesterol lowering effect of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus inhereditary hypercholesterolemic rats. Annual of Nutrition and Metabolism 35, 1991, 1991, 191-195.
[19] L.H. Ryong and V.V. Tertov, Antiatherogenic and antiatherosclerotic effects of mushroom extracts revealed in human aorta intima cell culture. Drug Development Research 17, 1989, 109-117.
[20] J.H. Sheng and Q.H. Chen, Antilipemic effect of polysaccharides from Auricularia aurantia, Tremella fuciformis and T. fuciformis spores. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University 20, 1989, 344-347.
[21] T. Kiho, H. Merimoto, T. Kobayashi, S. Usiu, S. Ukai, K. Aizawa and T. Inakuma, Effect of polysaccharide (TAP) from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia on glucose metabolism in mouse liver. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 64, 2000, 417-419.
[22] A. Koichi and I. Takahiro, Antihypercholesterolemic agent, hypocholesterolemic agent and agent for preventing and treating arteriosclerosis. JP Patent No. 11193244 published 21.07.1999.
[23] S. Susuki and S. Ohshima, Influence of shiitake Lentinus edodes on human serum cholesterol. Annual Report of National Institute of Nutrition 25, 1974, 89-94.
[24] Y. Kabir and S. Kimura, Dietary mushrooms reduce blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 35, 1989, 91-94.
[25] K. Sugiyama and A. Yamakawa, Dietary eritadenine-induced alteration of molecular species composition of phospholipids in rats. Lipids 31, 1996, 399-404.
[26] C. Francia, S. Rapior, R. Courtecuisse and Y. Srioux, Current research findings on the effects of selected mushrooms on cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 169-172.
[27] Q.Y. Yang and S.C. Jong, Medicinal mushrooms in China. Mushroom Science (Part 1), 1989, 631-643.
[28] T. Willard, Reishi mushroom: herb of spiritual potency and medical wonder. (Washing: Sylvan Press, 1990).
[29] T. Kiho, H. Morimoto, M. Sakushima, S. Usui, and S. Ukai, Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXV. Anti-diabetic activity of an acidic polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 18, 1995, 1627-1629.
[30] Z. Yuan, P.M. Hei, J.H. Cui and H. Takeuchi, Hypoglycemic effect of water soluble polysaccharide from Auricularia auricular-judae Quel on genetic diabetic KK-Ay mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 62, 1998, 1898-1903.
[31] H. Hikimo, M. Ishiyama, Y. Suzuki and C. Konno, Mechanisms of hypoglycaemic activity of ganoderan B: a glycan of Ganoderma Iucidum fruitbodies. Planta Medica 55, 1989, 423-428.
[32] M.W. Kim, M.H. Park and G.H. Kim, Effects of mushroom protein-bound polysaccharides on the blood glucose levels and energy metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Korean Nutrition 30, 1997, 743-750.
[33] O-H. Kim, B-K. Yang, N-I. Hur, S. Das, J-W. Yum, Y-S. Choi and C-H. Song, Hypoglycemic effects of mycelia produced from submerged culture of Phellinus linteus (Berk. Et Curt) Teng (A phyllopharomycetideae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 3, 2001, 21-26.
[34] S.C. Jong and R. Donovick, Antitumour and antiviral substances from fungi. Advances in Applied Microbiology 34, 1990, 183-262.
[35] Y. Yamamoto, Immunopotentiating activity of the water-soluble lignin rich fractions prepared from LEM, the extract of the solid culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 61, 1977, 1909-1912.
[36] W. Ito and I. Sugawara, Immunopharmacological study of sulfated schizophyllan (SPG). 1. Its action as a mitogen and anti-HIV agent. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 12, 1990, 225-233.
[37] H. Matsuyama, R.E.P. Mangindaan and T. Yano, Protective effect of schizophyllan and scleroglucan against Streptococcus sp. infection in yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture 101, 1992, 97-203.
[38] K. Ishikawa, Anti-HIV activity in cytopathic effects of proteoglucan extracted from maitake mushroom. (National Institute of Health (Japan). January 23, 1991).
[39] U.S. National Cancer Institute. In vitro anti-HIV drug screening results, development therapeutics program. January 17, 1992.
[40] C. Zhuang and T. Mizuno, Biological responses from Grifola frondosa (Dick.: Fr.) S.F. Gray – Maitake (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 317-324.
[41] S. Tsukagoshi, PSK (Krestin). Cancer Treatment Reviews 11, 1984, 131-155.
[42] H. Sakagami and M. Takeda, Diverse biological activity of PSK (Krestin), a protein bound polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor. In Mushroom Biology and Mushroom products. S.T. Chang, J.A. Buswell and S.W. Chiu, eds. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 1993, 237-245.
[43] M.A. Brizuela and L. Garcia, Basidiomicetos: nueva fuente de metabolites secundarios. Rev Iberoam Mic. 15, 1998, 69-74.
[44] T. Anke, Basidiomycetes: a source of new bioactive secondary metabolites. Progress in Industrial Microbiology 27, 1989, 51-66.
[45] I. Suay and F. Arenal, Screening of Basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 78, 2000, 129-139.
[46] E-A. Bae, D-H. Kim and M.J. Han, Effect of Lentinus edodes on the growth of intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Archives Pharmaceutical Research 20, 1997, 443-447.
[47] A.B. Onderdonk, R.L. Cisneros, P.L. Huakson and G.R. Ostroff, Anti-infective effect of poly β 1-6 glucotriosyl-β-103-glucopyranose glucan in vivo. Immunology 60, 1992, 1642-1647.
[50] T.J. Babineau, et al. A phase II muti-centre double-blind randomized placebocontrolled study of three dosages of an immunomodulatory (PGG-glucan) in high-risk surgical patients. Archives of Surgery 129, 1994a, 1204-1210.
[51] S. Cuzzocrea, D.P. Riley, A.P. Caputi and D. Salvemini, Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacology Reviews 53, 2001, 135-139.
[52] D. Salvimini, Z.Q. Wang, D.M. Bourdon, M.K. Ster, M.C. Currie and P.T. Manning, Evidence of peroxynitrite involvement in the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema. European Journal of Pharmacology 303, 1996, 217.
[53] S. Ukai, T. Kohi, C. Hara, I. Kuruma and Y. Tanaker, Polysaccharides in fungi: XIV. Antiinflammatory effect of the polysaccharides from the fruit bodies of several fungi. Journal of Pharmacology Dynamics 6, 1983, 83-990.
[54] R.J. Xiu, Accelerated wound healing. 1996, US Patent No. 5547672 published 20.01.1996.
[55] F. Liu, V.E.C. Ooi and S.T. chang, Free radical scavenging activities of mushroom polysaccharide extracts. Life Sciences 64, 1997, 1005-1011.
[56] J.H. Pan, et al. Preventative effects of Ganoderma Iucidum on the radical injury induced by Adriamycin. Pharmacological Clinical Chinese Materia Medicine 14, 1998, 27-28.
[57] E.X. Tao, The effect of Ganoderma Iucidum on the cellular immunological functions in the elderly. Chinese Journal of Geriatrics 12, 1993, 298-310.
[58] M. Li, and L.S. Lei, Effect of Ganoderma Iucidum polysaccharides on oxygen-free radicals in murine peritoneal macrophages. Zhongguo Yadikxue Yu Dulixue Zazhi – Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 14, 2000, 65-68.
[59] H. Sakagami and T. Aoki, Induction of immunopotentiation activity by a protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK (Review). Anticancer Research 11, 1991, 993-1000.
[60] H. Kobayashi and K. Kariya, Suppressive effects on cancer cell proliferation of the enhancement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity associated with the protein-bound polysaccharide of Coriolus versicolor Quel. Cancer Biotherapy 9, 1994, 171-178.
[61] C. Yuan and Z. Meiz, PSK protects macrophages from lipoperoxide accumulation and foam cell formation caused by oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 124, 1996, 171-181.
[62] T.X. Hu, and J.W. Chen, Effects of polysaccharide-peptide of Coriolus and polysaccharide of Ganoderma on scavenging active oxygen species. Acta Biochimica Biophysica Simca 24, 1992, 465-470.
[63] M. Hirotani and C. Ito, Ganoderic acids T, S and R, new triterpenoids from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma Iucidum. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34, 1986, 2282-2285.
[64] R.Y. Chen and D.Q. Yu, Studies on the triterpenoid constituents of the spores from Ganoderma Iucidum. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao (Acta Pharmaceut Simica) 26, 1991, 267-273.
[65] H.W. Kim, and B.K. Kim, Biomedical triterpenoids of Ganoderma Iucidum (Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst (Aphylopharomycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1, 1999, 121-138.
[66] T. Mizuno, Bioactive biomolecules of mushrooms: food function and medicinal effect of mushroom fungi. Food Reviews International 11, 1995, 7-21.
[67] R. Yan, Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with Wulingdan pill. Journal of Fourth Military Medical College 8, 1987, 380-383.
[68] T.S. Soo, The therapeutic value of Ganoderma Iucidum 8th International Mycological Congress (IMC5) Abstract, Vancouver, B.C., 1994, p. 95.
[69] D. Bensky and R. Barolet, Chinese herbal medicine: formulas and strategies (Easte and Peers, Seattle, WA. 1990).
[70] S. Kakuma, Effect of schizophyllan, a polysaccharide, on interferon gamma antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation specific for hepatitis B virus antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B. International Journal Immunopharmacology 13, 1991, 969-975.
[71] H. Zhou, Antihepatitis and antimutation effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis and Auricularia auricular. Zhongguo Yoaoke Duxue Xuebao 20, 1989, 51-53.
[72] J.H.K. Yeung, Effect of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) on in vivo sulphation and glucuronidation of paracetamol in the rat. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 20, 1995, 287-292.