Anticancer Medicinal Plant, Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. Chloroform Extracts Elicited Both Apoptotic and Non-Apoptotic Cell Deaths in T-47D Mammary Carcinoma Cells
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Published:
Nov 12, 2018
Keywords:
Medicinal Plant, Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl., apoptotic, non-apoptotic
Main Article Content
Abstract
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. Chloroform extract produced significant growth inhibition against T-47D breast carcinoma cells and analysis of cell death mechanism indicated that the extract elicited both apoptotic and non-apoptotic programmed cell deaths. T-47D cells exposed to the extract produced a significant up-regulation of c-myc and caspase-3 mRNA expression levels as compared to untreated cells. The up-regulation of caspase-3 mRNA expression appeared to be mediated mainly via both protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases pathways. T-47D cells exposed to the extract at EC50 concentration (72 h) for 24 h demonstrated typical DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis, as carried out using a DNA fragmentation detection assay. However, ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscope demonstrated distinct vacuolated cells, which indicated a Type II non-apoptotic cell death although the presence of cell and nuclear blebbing, apoptotic bodies and chromatin changes associated with apoptosis were also detected. The presence of non-apoptotic programmed cell death was also detected with annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. These findings suggested that up-regulation of caspase-3 and c-myc mRNA expression may have contributed to both apoptotic and non-apoptotic programmed cell death, respectively in the Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. Chloroform extract-treated T-47D cells.
Keywords: Medicinal Plant, Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl., apoptotic, non-apoptotic
Corresponding author: E-mail: tanml@amdi.usm.edu.my
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References
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[18] Adams, J.M., Cory, S 2002. Apoptosomes: engines for caspase activation, Current Opinion in Cell Biological, 14, 715-720.
[19] Beauparlant, P., Shore, G.C. 2003. Therapeutic activation of caspases in cancer: a question of selectivity, Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development, 6, 179-187.
[20] Kastan, M.B., Onyekwere, O., Sidransky, D., Vogelstein, B., Craig, R.W. 1991. Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage, Cancer Research, 51(23), 6304-11.
[21] Nelson, W.G., Kastan, M.B. 1994. DNA strand breaks: the DNA template alterations that trigger p53-dependent DNA damage response pathways, Molecular Cell Biology, 14(3), 1815-23.
[22] Kim, R., Ohi, Y., Inoue, H., Toge, T. 1999. Taxotere activates transcription factor AP-1 in association with apoptotic cell death in gastric cancer cell lines, Anticancer Research, 19(16B), 5399-405.
[23] Janus, F., Albrechtsen, N., Dornreiter, I., Wiesmuller, L., Grosse, F., Deppert, W. 1999. The dual role model for p53 in maintaining genomic intergrity, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 55, 12-27.
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[29] Schlegel, J., Peter, I., Orrenius, S., Miller, D.K., Thornberry, N.A., Yamin, T.T., Nicholson, D.W. 1996. CPP-32/apopain is the key interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-like protease involved in Fas-mediated apoptosis, Journal Biological Chemistry, 271(4), 1841-4.
[30] Janicke, R.U., Sprengart, M.L., Wati, M.R., Porter, A.G. 1998. Caspase-3 is required for DNA fragmentation and morphological changes associated with apoptosis, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273(16), 9357-60.
[31] Kousteni, S., Tura-Kockar, F., Ramji, D.P. 1999. Sequence and expression analysis of a novel Xenpus laevis cDNA that encodes a protein similar to bacterial and chloroplast ribosomal protein L24, Gene, 235, 13-18.
[32] Tengku Muhammad, T.S., Hughes, T.R., Ranki, H., Cryer, A., Ramji, D.P. 2000. Differential regulation of macrophage CCAAT-Enhancer binding protein isoforms by lipopolysaccharide and cytokines, Cytokine, 12, 1430-1436.
[33] Ahn, C.H., Kong, J.Y., Choi, W.C., Hwang, M.S. 1996. Selective inhibition of the effects of phorbol ester on doxorubicin resistance and p-glycoprotein by the protein kinase C inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7) in multidrug-resistant MCF-7/Dox human breast carcinoma cells, Biochemical Pharmacology, 52, 393-9.
[34] Lin, C.H., Kuan, I.H., Wang, C.H., Lee, H.M., Lee, W.S., Sheu, J.R., Hsiao, G., Wu, C.H., Kuo, H.P. 2002. Lipoteichoic acid-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression requires activations of p44/42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways, European Journal of Pharmacology, 450, 1-9.
[35] Fujihara, M., Muroi, M., Muroi, Y., Ito, N., Suzuki, T. 1993. Mechanism of lipopolysaccharide-triggered junB activation in a mouse macrophage-like cell line (J774), Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(20), 14898-905.
[36] Eason, S., Martin, W. 1995. Involvement of tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C in the induction of nitric oxide synthase by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma in J774 macrophages, Archives International Pharmacodynamic Therapy, 330(2), 225-40.
[37] Glass, D.B. 1983. Differential responses of cyclic GMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases to synthetic peptide inhibitors, Biochemical Journal, 213, 159-64.
[38] Tengku-Muhammad, T.S., Hughes, T.R., Cryer, A., Ramji, D.P. 1999. Involvement of both the tyrosine kinase and the phosphatidylinositol-3’ kinase signal transduction pathways in the regulation of lipoprotein lipase expression in J774.2 macrophages by cytokines and lipopolysaccharide, Cytokine, 11(7), 463-8.
[39] Geran, R.I., Greenberg, N.H., Macdonald, M.M., Schumacher, A.M., Abbott, B.J. 1972. Protocols for screening chemical agents and natural products against animal tumours and other biological systems, Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 3, 59-61.
[40] Hoffman, B., Liebermann, D.A. 1998. The proto-oncogene c-myc and apoptosis, Oncogene, 17, 3351-7.
[41] Leng, Y., Gu, Z.P., Cao, L. 2000. Apoptosis induced by droloxifene and c-myc, bax and bcl-2 mRNA expression in cultured luteal cells of rats, European Journal of Pharmacology, 409(2), 123-31.
[42] Thornberry, N.A., Lazebnik, Y. 1998. Caspases: enemies within, Science, 281, 1312-1316.
[43] Budihardjo, I., Oliver, H., Lutter, M., Luo, X., Wang, X. 1999. Biochemical pathways of caspase activation during apoptosis, Annual Review of Cell and Development Biology, 15, 260-290.
[44] Wolf, B.B., Green, D.R. 1999. Suicidal tendencies: apoptotic cell death by caspase family proteinases, Journal Biological Chemistry, 274, 20049-20052.
[45] Earnshaw, W.C., Martins, L.M., Kaufmann, S.H. 1999. Mammalian caspases: Structure, activation, substates and functions during apoptosis, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 68, 383-424.
[46] Blatt, N.B., Glick, G.D. 2001. Signaling pathways and effector mechanisms pre-programmed cell death, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 9, 1371-84.
[47] Chang, Q., Tepperman, B.L. 2001. The role of protein kinase C isozymes in TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity to a rat intestinal cell line, American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 280(4), G572-83.
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