In Vitro Antilithiasis Activity and Cytoprotective Properties of Acalypha indica Extracts
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Kidney stone is a major health problem occurring in many individuals, especially men, and it is caused by dietary intake and excess excretion of chemicals in the urine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potential of Acalypha indica Linn. against calcium oxalate stones. Various solvent extracts of A. indica Linn. were prepared using cold extraction method. These extracts were then used for analyzing inhibitory action against three stages of crystal formation: nucleation, growth, and aggregation. The ethanolic extracts were found to have maximum inhibitory potential of approximately 90±0.0011%, 99.4±0.002%, and 93±0.002% against the crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation of calcium oxalate. The inhibitory potential of calcium oxalate precipitation in artificial urine by the ethanolic extract was found to be approximately 99.231±0.0001%. The ethanolic extract was fractionated by column chromatography and the bioactive compound was identified as an aliphatic group from the structural characteristics of the ethanolic extract obtained from 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, the effectiveness of partially purified extract was tested on calcium oxalate stones, which were highly dissolved by the ethanolic extract (61.82±0.133%) compared to calcium phosphate stones (35.71±0.06%). It was also tested on oxalate induced Vero cell lines and the cell viability was found to be approximately 70.5±2.99%. On the basis of the present study, it was concluded that the crude extract had higher activity against calcium oxalate stones than a partially purified extract.
Keywords: aggregation; artificial urine; calcium oxalate; crystal growth; kidney stone; nucleation; Vero cell lines
*Corresponding author: Tel.: +251 908773764, Fax: (+251) 01-189-6144
E-mail: venkatchemdata@gmail.com
Article Details
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Pareta, S.K., Patra, K.C., Mazumder, P.M. and Sasmal, D., 2011. Prophylactic role of Boerhaavia diffusa in ethylene glycol induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis. African Journal of Urology, 17(2), 28-36.
Aggarwal, A., Tandon, S., Singla, S.K. and Tandon, C., 2010. Diminution of oxalate induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury and inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris. International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 36(4), 480-489.
Atodariya, U., Barad, R., Upadhyay, S. and Upadhyay, U. 2013. Anti-urolithiatic activity of Dolichos biflorus seeds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2(2), 209-213.
Srinivasa, A.K.B., Kuruba, L., Khan, S. and Saran, G.S., 2013. Antiurolithiatic activity of Gokhsuradi Churan, an ayurvedic formulation by in vitro method. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 3(2), 477-479.
Saha, S. and Verma, R.J., 2013. Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallisation in vitro by an extract of Bergenia ciliata. Arab Journal of Urology, 11(2), 187-192.
Saranya, R. and Geetha, N., 2014. Inhibition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization in vitro by the extract of Beet Root (Beta vulgais L.). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6, 361-365.
Rajeswari, M. and Sudha, R.K.S., 2013. In vitro study of the litholytic effects of selected food extracts on renal stones. International Journal of Scientific Research, 2(10), 1-2.
Kalpana, S., Nirmaladevi, R., Rai, T.S. and Karthika, P., 2013. Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by extract of banana cultivar Monthan. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(4), 649-653.
Chaudhary, A, Singla, S.K. and Tandon, C., 2010. In vitro evaluation of Terminalia arjuna on calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystallization. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72(3), 340-345.
Pareta, S.K., Patra K.C. and Harwansh, R., 2011. In vitro calcium oxalate crystallization inhibition by Achyranthes indica Linn. hydroalcoholic extract: an approach to antilithiasis. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2(1), 432-437.
Hennequin, C., Lalanne, V., Daudon, M., Lacour, B. and Drueke, T., 1993. A new approach to studying inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth. Urological Research, 21(2), 101-108.
Shiekh, F.A., Khullar, M. and Singh, S.K., 2006. Lithogenesis: induction of renal calcifications by nanobacteria. Urological Research, 34(1), 53-57.
Hess, B., Meinhardt, U., Zipperle, L., Giovanoli, R. and Jaeger, P., 1995. Simultaneous measurement of calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation: Impact of various modifiers. Urological Research, 23(4), 231-238.
Burns, J.R. and Finlayson, B., 1980. A proposal for standard reference artificial urine in in vitro urolithiasis experiments. Investigative Urology, 18(2), 167-169.
Sharifa, A.A., Jamaludin, J., Kiong, L.S., Chia, L.A. and Osman. K., 2012. Anti-urolithiatic terpenoid compound from Plantago major Linn. (Ekor Anjing). Sains Malaysiana, 41(1), 33-39.
Atmani, F. and Khan, S.R., 2000. Effects of an extract from Herniaria hirsuta on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. BJU International 85(6), 621-625.
Jeong, B.-C., Kwak, C., Cho, K.S., Kim, B.S., Hong, S.K. and Kim, J.-I., 2005. Apoptosis induced by oxalate in human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells. Urological Research, 33(2), 87-92.
Moriyama, M.T., Miyazawa, K., Noda, K., Oka, M., Tanaka. M. and Suzuki, K., 2007. Reduction in oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury by an extract from Quercus salicina Blume/Quercus stenophylla Makino. Urological Research, 35(6), 295-300.
Mosmann, T., 1983. Rapid calorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65(1-2), 55-63.
Verkoelen, C.F., Romijin, J.C., de Bruijn, W.C., Boeve, E.R., Cao, L.-C. and Schroder, F.H., 1995. Association of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals with MDCK cells. Kidney International, 48, 129-138.
Nirmaladevi, R., Jayaraman, U.C., Gurusamy, A., Kalpana, S. and Shirinidhi, R.T., 2013. Evaluation of Aerva lanata flower extract for its antilithiatic potential in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research, 3(2), 67-71.
Byahatti, V.V., Pai, K.V. and D’Souza, M.G., 2010. Effect of phenolic compounds from Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. leaves on experimental kidney stones. Ancient Science of Life, 30(1), 14-17.
Kaur, T., Bijarnia, R.K., Singla, S.K. and Tandon, C., 2009. Purification and characterization of an anticalcifying protein from the seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (L.). Protein and Peptide Letter, 16, 173-181.
Beghalia, M., Ghalem, S., Allali, B., Belouatek, A. and Marouf, A., 2007. Effect of herbal extracts of Tetraclinis articulata and Chamaerops humilis on calcium oxalate crystals in vitro. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(2), 55-58.
Aggarwal, A., Tandon, S., Singla, S. and Tandon, C., 2010. Reduction of oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial (NRK-52E) cell injury and inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by aqueous extract of Achyranthes aspera. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 31, 159-164.
Xiang-Bo, Z., Zhi-Ping, W., Jian-Min, D., Jian-Zhong, L. and Bao-liang, M., 2005. New chemolysis for urological calcium phosphate calculi-a study in vitro. BMC Urology, 5, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-5-9
Chungde, V.H., Kulkarni, C.G., Jadhav, P.H., Dhekale, P.S. and Satyajeet, S., 2012. Urinary calculi dissolving activity of Indian herbs-an in vitro Study: a step towards rationalization. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(4), 1001-1007.
Banu, N. and Pavithra, S., 2015. Anticarcinogenic effect of chlorophyllin from Morinda citrifolia L. on HEPG2 cells. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 6, 145-159.