Immobilization of Silver Doped Titanium Dioxide onto Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Photocatalytic Degradation of Gaseous Formaldehyde under Visible Light Irradiation
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis can degrade air pollutants into nontoxic substances but it can only be excited by UV light. To eliminate this limitation, silver (Ag) and/or graphene oxide (GO) doped TiO2 are applied to enhance visible light photocatalytic activity. In this study, Ag-TiO2 (0.5%, 1%, 2% w/w), GO/TiO2 and GO/Ag-TiO2 were synthesized and then coated on stainless steel mesh. Crystalline and molecule structures, chemical compositions and optical properties of the prepared photocatalyst samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy equipped with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The photocatalytic performances of the various doped catalysts were evaluated according to their abilities to degrade gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO) under visible light. The effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of HCHO including layer numbers of photocatalyst, powers of fluorescent lamp and flow rates of HCHO were observed. The results indicated that the presence of Ti, O and Ag elements in Ag-TiO2 and Ti, O, Ag and C elements in GO/Ag-TiO2 was confirmed. Proper dispersion of the photocatalyst on the wire mesh was exhibited. Under visible light, the incorporation of Ag and GO in TiO2 photocatalysts produced higher degradation rates of HCHO than pure TiO2. The optimum operating conditions of HCHO degradation at initial concentration of 108.7±1.15 ppm over visible light irradiation for 30 min were 5 layers of 0.5% Ag-TiO2, 72 W fluorescent light and 300 ml/min of HCHO flow rate. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of gaseous HCHO was 76.70±0.73%.
Keywords: gaseous formaldehyde; graphene oxide; photocatalytic degradation; silver-titanium dioxide; visible light
*Corresponding author: Tel.: 662-329-8400-11 ext. 290 Fax: 662-329-8428
E-mail: suwannee.ju@kmitl.ac.th
Article Details
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Shah, K.W. and Li, W., 2019. A review on catalytic nanomaterials for volatile organic compounds VOC removal and their applications for healthy buildings. Nanomaterials, 9(6), 910, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060910.
Su, Y., Ji, K., Xun, J., Zhang, K., Liu, P. and Zhao, L., 2021. Catalytic oxidation of low concentration formaldehyde over Pt/TiO2 catalyst. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 29, 190-195.
Schneider, J., Matsuoka, M., Takeuchi, M., Zhang, J., Horiuchi, Y., Anpo, M. and Bahnemann, D.W., 2014. Understanding TiO2 photocatalysis: mechanisms and materials. Chemical Reviews, 114, 9919-9986.
Xu, T., Hong, Z. and Zhang, P., 2018. Performance of an innovative VUV-PCO purifier with nanoporous TiO2 film for simultaneous elimination of VOCs and by-product ozone in indoor air. Building and Environment, 142, 379-387.
Sharma, S., Lang, C., Khadka, J. and Inacio, M.C., 2020. Association of age-related cataract with skin cancer in an Australian population. Investigative Ophthalmology Visual Science, 61(5), 48, https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.61.5.48.
Huang, C., Ding, Y., Chen, Y., Li, P., Zhu, S. and Shen, S., 2017. Highly efficient Zr doped-TiO2/glass fiber photocatalyst and its performance in formaldehyde removal under visible light. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 60, 61-69.
Suligoj, A., Arcon, I., Mazaj, M., Drazic, G., Arcon, D., Cool, P., Stangar, U.L. and Tusar, N.N., 2018. Surface modified titanium dioxide using transition metals: nickel as a winning transition metal for solar light photocatalysis. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6, 9882-9892.
Khalid, N.R., Hong, Z., Ahmed, E., Zhang, Y., Chan, H. and Ahmad, M., 2012. Synergistic effects of Fe and graphene on photocatalytic activity enhancement of TiO2 under visible light irradiation. Applied Surface Science, 58, 5827-5834.
Fang, R.M., He, M., Huang, H.B., Feng, Q.Y., Ji, J., Zhan, Y.J., Leung, D.Y.C. and Zhao, W., 2018. Effect of redox state of Ag on indoor formaldehyde degradation over Ag/TiO2 catalyst at room temperature. Chemosphere, 213, 235-243.
Gao, L.K., Gan, W.T., Xiao, S.L., Zhan, X.X. and Li, J., 2015. Enhancement of photo-catalytic degradation of formaldehyde through loading anatase TiO2 and silver nanoparticle films on wood substrates. RSC Advances, 5, 52985-52992.
Low, W. and Boonamnuayvitaya, V., 2013. Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 co-doping of graphene-Fe 3+ ions for formaldehyde removal. Journal of Environmental Management, 127, 142-149.
Adamu, H., Dubey, P. and Anderson, J.A., 2016. Probing the role of thermally reduced graphene oxide in enhancing performance of TiO2 in photocatalytic phenol removal from aqueous environments. Chemical Engineering Journal, 284, 380-388.
Yu, L., Wang, L., Sun, X. and Ye, D., 2018. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of rGO/TiO2 for the decomposition of formaldehyde under visible light irradiation. Journal of Environmental Science, 73, 138-146.
Sriwong, C., Choojun, K., Tejangkura, W. and Prasanseang, W., 2018. Preparation and photocatalytic activities of TiO2-rGO nanocomposite catalysts for MB dye degradation over sunlight irradiation. Materials Science Forum, 936, 47-52.
Chen, Y.-S., Chao, B.-K., Nagao, T. and Hsueh, C.-H., 2020. Effects of Ag particle geometry on photocatalytic performance of Ag/TiO2/ reduced graphene oxide ternary systems. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 240, 122216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122216.
Salthammer, T., 2019. Formaldehyde sources, formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates in European housings. Building and Environment, 150, 219-232.
WHO, 2010. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Bohn: World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health.
ATSDR, 1999. Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde. Georgia: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
IARC, 2006. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 88: Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-ol. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Ye, J.W., Zhu, X.F., Cheng, B., Yu, J.G. and Jiang, C.J., 2017. Few-layered graphene-like boron nitride: a highly efficient adsorbent for indoor formaldehyde removal. Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 4, 20-25.
Zhu, X.B., Gao, X., Qin, R., Zeng, Y.X., Qu, R.Y., Zheng, C.H. and Tu, X., 2015. Plasma-catalytic removal of formaldehyde over Cu-Ce catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 170, 293-300.
Shao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, R., Chen, J., Zhang, F., Linhardt, R.J. and Zhong, W., 2020. Biotechnology progress for removal of indoor gaseous formaldehyde. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104, 3715-3727.
Chen, D., Qu, Z., Sun, Y. and Wang, Y., 2014. Adsorption-desorption behavior of gaseous formaldehyde on different porous Al2O3 materials. Colloids and Surfaces A, 441, 433-440.
Bisht, S., Nautiyal, B., Bhatt, U.M. and Joshi, P., 2014. Plasma applications for environmental protection. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 3(5), 77-81.
Hänel, A., Janczarek, M., Lieder, M. and Hupka, J., 2019. Photocatalytic decomposition of air pollutants using electrodeposited photocatalysts on stainless steel. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(3), 1157-1164.
Shan, A.Y., Ghazi, T.I.M. and Rashid, S.A., 2010. Immobilisation of titanium dioxide onto supporting materials in heterogeneous photocatalysis: A review. Applied Catalysis A: General, 389, 1-8.
Huang, Y., Ho, S.S.H., Lu, Y., Niu, R., Xu, L., Cao, J. and Lee, S., 2016. Removal of indoor volatile organic compounds via photocatalytic oxidation: A short review and prospect. Molecules, 21(1), 56, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010056.
Khalid, N.R., Ahmed, E., Hong, Z., Zhang, Y., Ullah, M. and Ahmad, M., 2013. Graphene modified ND/TiO2 photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation under visible light irradiation. Ceramics International, 39, 3569-3575.
Phrompet, C., Sriwong, C. and Ruttanapun, C., 2019. Mechanical, dielectric, thermal and antibacterial properties of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-nanosized C3AH6 cement nanocomposites for smart cement-based materials. Composites Part B, 175, 107128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107128.
Khalid, N.R., Ahmed, E., Ahmad, M., Niaz, N.A., Ramzan, M., Shakil, M., Iqbal, T. and Majid, A., 2016. Microwave-assisted synthesis of Ag–TiO2/graphene composite for hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. Ceramics International, 42(16), 18257-18263.
Li, Y.X., Jiang, Y., Peng, S.Q. and Jiang, F.Y., 2010. Nitrogen-doped TiO2 modified with NH4F for efficient photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde under blue light-emitting diodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182, 90-96.
Singhal, R.K., Gangadhar, B., Basu, H., Manisha, V., Naidu, G.R.K. and Reddy, A.V.R., 2012. Remediation of malathion contaminated soil using zero valent iron nano-particles. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 3, 76-82.
Castrejón-Sánchez, V.H. and Camacho-López, M., 2014. Quantification of phase content in TiO2 thin films by Raman spectroscopy. Superficies y Vacío, 27(3), 88-92.
Sukumaran, S.S., Rekha, C.R., Resmi, A.N., Jinesh, K.B. and Gopchandran, K.G., 2018. Raman and scanning tunneling spectroscopic investigations on graphene-silver nanocomposites. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 3(3), 353-358.
Ali, T., Ahmed, A., Alam, U., Uddin, I., Tripathi, P. and Muneer, M., 2018. Enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 212, 325-335.
Hu, X., Li, C., Sun, Z., Song, J. and Zheng, S., 2020. Enhanced photocatalytic removal of indoor formaldehyde by ternary heterogeneous BiOCl/TiO2/sepiolite composite under solar and visible light. Building and Environment, 168, 106481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv. 2019.106481.
Leong, K.H., Sim, L.C., Bahnemann, D., Jang, M., Ibrahim, S. and Saravanan, P., 2015. Reduced graphene oxide and Ag wrapped TiO2 photocatalyst for enhanced visible light photocatalysis. APL Materials, 3, 104503, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4926454.
Umrao, S., Abraham, S., Theil, F., Pandey, S., Ciobota, V., Shukla, P.K., Rupp, C.J., Chakraborty, S., Ahuja, R. and Popp, J., 2014. A possible mechanism for the emergence of an additional band gap due to a Ti-O-C bond in the TiO2-graphene hybrid system for enhanced photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light. RSC Advances, 4, 59890-59901.
Yoon, H., Kim, D., Park, M., Kim, J., Kim, J., Srituravanich, W., Shin, B., Jung, Y. and Jeon, S., 2018. Extraordinary enhancement of UV absorption in TiO2 nanoparticles enabled by low-oxidized grapheme nanodots. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122(22), 12114-12121.
Ohko, Y., Hashimoto, K. and Fujishima, A., 1997. Kinetics of photocatalytic reactions under extremely low-intensity UV illumination on titanium dioxide thin films. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 101, 8057-8062.
Kirchnerova, J., Cohen, M.L.H., Guy, C. and Klvana, D., 2005. Photocatalytic oxidation of n-butanol under fluorescent visible light lamp over commercial TiO2 (Hombicat UV100 and Degussa P25). Applied Catalysis A: General, 282, 321-332.
Noguchi, T., Fujishima, A., Sawunyama, P. and Hashimoto, K., 1998. Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous formaldehyde using TiO2 film. Environmental Science and Technology, 32(23), 3831-3833.