Influence of Environmental Factors on Blood Cockle Production Potential at Klong Khone, Samut Songkharm Province and Bang Taboon, Phetchaburi Province
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on blood cockle production potential at Klong Khone and Bang Taboon. Seawater, sediment and cockles were collected for 6 months from October 2018 to March 2019. The results revealed that seawater quality in both areas did not meet seawater quality standards for aquaculture. The sediment of both areas was found to be clay. Salinity, pH and organic matter (OM) were low in the wet season. Klong Khone had more production potential than Bang Taboon in the wet season, during which the growth rates of cockles (GR) ranged from 1.09-4.68 and 0.30-1.74 g/month, respectively. In the dry season, Bang Taboon had more production potential than Klong Khone with the GR ranging from 0.89-2.21 and 0.00-1.56 g/month, respectively. Partial correlation revealed that in the wet season, with controlled pH of seawater, NO3--N, PO43--P and salinity of sediment, GR correlated with the salinity of seawater with r values of 0.46, 0.41, 0.53 and 0.51, respectively. However, GR correlated with PO43--P during the dry season when the salinity of seawater and grain size (0.06-0.125 mm) were controlled with r values of 0.51 and 0.44, respectively. Therefore, the salinity of seawater (wet season) and PO43--P (dry season) were the main factors affecting the GR. Cockle production potential tended to increase when the salinity of seawater was over 19 psu, the temperature was not higher than 30oC, DO was not less than 3 mg/l. It also tended to be higher in sediment that was basically clay, of grain size smaller than 0.06 mm, and with pH higher than 6.5 and water content (WC) more than 70%.
Keywords: seawater; sediment; blood cockle; growth rate; production potential
*Corresponding author: Tel.: (+66) 830931715
E-mail: [email protected]
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Tokrisna, R., 2015. Thai Aquaculture Status in the Context of ASEAN Economic Community. Bangkok: Knowledge Network Institute of Thailand and Thailand Research Fund.
Department of Fisheries, 2018. Statistic of Marine Shellfish Culture Survey 2017 No. 17/2018. Bangkok: Department of Fisheries.
Cockle Farmer Group in Phetchaburi and Samut Songkharm Province, 2016. Letter Requesting Support for the Department of Fisheries to File Damages on the Cockle Dies from Ratchaburi Ethanol Factory Co., Ltd No. 2533/2016. Samut Songkharm: Bang Taboon Cockle Culture Group.
Kraichit, C., 2018. Climate adaptation in Bang Taboon, Phetchaburi Province. Phetchaburi: Bang Taboon Cockle Culture Group.
Saffian, N.S, Peng, C.T.C., Ilias, N. and Hwai, A.T.S., 2020. Overview and challenges of blood cockle culture in Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Penang, Malaysia, September 9-11, 2019, pp. 1-6.
American Public Health Association (APHA), 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Environment Federation (WEF).
Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y. and Lalli, C.M., 1984. A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis. Oxford: Pergamon press.
Jones, J.B., 1999. Soil Analysis. Handbook of Reference Methods. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Allison, L.F., 1965. Organic carbon. In: C.A. Black, ed. Method of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Madison: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 1367-1378.
Srisomwong, M., Wangvoralak, S., Thawonsode, N. and Meksumpun, C., 2018. Production potential of tidal flats for blood clam (Anadara granosa) culture in Bang-tabun bay, Petchaburi province. Science Asia, 44, 388-396.
Şahi̇n, C., Duzguneş, E., Mutlu, C., Aydin, M. and Emi̇ral, H., 1999. Determination of the growth parameters of the Anadara cornea R. 1844 population by the Bhattacharya Method in the Eastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(1), 99-106.
Parekh, H. and Gadhvi, I.R., 2015. Seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameter of seawater at Mathivirdi Coast Bhavnagar- West Coast of India. International Journal of Research Engineering and Bioscience, 3, 41-47.
Ibrahim, N.E., Omar, W.B.W. and Mohamad. F., 2018. Population density and size of blood cockle, Anadara cornea in Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu during northeast monsoon season. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 13, 113-123.
Chagas, G.G. and Suzuki, M.S., 2005. Seasonal hydrochemical variation in tropical coastal lagoon (Acu Lagoon, Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 65, 597-607.
Srisunont, C., Nobpakhun, Y., Yamalee, C. and Srisunont, T., 2020. Influence of seasonal variation and anthropogenic stress on blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) production potential. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 44(2), 62-82.
Srisunont, T., Srisunont, C., Watthanasuriyanon, P., Khongsang, S., Popa, W. and Hathaisamit, K., 2017. Study on water quality in extensive shrimp farming at Bangkhuntein District, Bangkok. Proceeding PACCON: Pure and Applied Chemistry, Bangkok, Thailand, February 2-3, 2017, pp. 259-263.
Sukudom, C., 2015. Organic Contents and pH Profiles of Sediments in Cockle Farm at Bandon Bay, Surat Thani Province. Master Thesis. Kasetsart University, Thailand.
Tuaycharoen, S., Chuaychandee, P. and Charoenporntip, M., 1997. The Potential Area of Cockles Culture along the Coastline of Samut Sakhon Province, Technical Paper No. 28/1997. Samut Sakhon: Samut Sakhon Coastal Aquaculture Development Center.
Vichaiwattana, C. and Thepphanich, A., 2008. Some Biological Aspects, Water-sediment Qualities and Cost-benefit of the Culture of Anadara nodifera (Martans, 1860) and Anadara granosa (Linnuaeus, 1758) in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province, Technical Paper No. 42/2008. Suratthani: Coastal Fisheries and Development Bureau.
Salaenoi, J., Sukudom, C., Wongsin, T. and Sirisuay, S., 2015. Sediment Quality in Cockle Culture and Non-Cultured Area at Bandon Bay, Thailand. International Conference on Plant, Marine and Environmental Sciences, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, January 1-2, 2015, pp. 110-114.
Tookwinas, S., Perngmark, P., Sirimontaporm, P., Tuaycharoen, S. and Sangsakul, P., 1986. Study on the Growth Rate of Blood Cockle Anadara granosa L. and Aquatic Environment at Culture Bed in Pattani Bay, Technical Paper No. 2/1986. Songkhla: National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture.
Mongkolmaran, C., Jindanon, A., Kaewnukul, P. and Rattananan, T., 1986. Study of Soil Properties in Cockle Farming Sites, Ranong, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Suratthani Province, Technical Paper No. 50/1986. Bangkok: Department of Fisheries.
Kumyod, S., 2015. Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in Blood Cockle (Tegillarca granosa), Venus Clam (Meretrix meretrix) and Sediment from Ban Laem Coastal Area, Phetchaburi Province. Master Thesis. Kasetsart University.
National Environment Board, 2020. Notification of the National Environmental Board: the Seawater Standard. [online] Available at: https://www.ieat.go.th/handbook/Program_IEAT/pages/en/Department/MONRE.html.
Harith, H., Husain, M.L. and Akhir, M.F.M., 2016. Coastal oceanographic processes associated with blood cockle (Anadara granosa) induce spawning season in Kapar, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 1, 289-299.
Broom, M.J., 2016. Analysis of the growth of Anadara granosa (Bivalvia: Arcidae) in natural, artificially seeded and experimental populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 9, 69-79.
Chouysurin, T., Tonsalee, N. and Sookchuay, C., 2004. Environmental Factors and Spatfall Season of Cockle (Anadara granosa, Linnaeus) in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province, Technical Paper No. 28/2004. Suratthani: Suratthani Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center.
Vichaiwattana, C., Wongwiwat, N., Keaw-uksorn, S. and Mahasawat, J., 2007. Comparison on culture of Anadara granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anadara nodifera (Martans, 1860) in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province, Technical Paper No. 14/2007. Bangkok: Department of Fisheries.
Tookwinas, S., 1985. Cultivation of Cockles in Thailand, Technical Paper No. 1/1985. Songkhla: Songkhla Institute of Coastal Aquaculture.
Din, Z.B. and Ahamad, A., 1995. Change in the scope for growth of blood cockles (Anadara granosa) exposed to industrial discharge. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31, 406-410.
Davenport, J. and Wong, T.M., 1986. Responses of the blood cockle Anadara granosa (L.) (Bivalvia: Arcidae) to salinity, hypoxia and aerial exposure. Aquaculture, 56, 151-162.
Nudee, V. and Mahasawat, J., 2007. Relationship between Water and Soil Qualities with Condition Index of Cockle Anadara granosa in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province, Technical Paper No. 19/2007. Bangkok: Department of Fisheries.
Ellis, R.P., Parry, H., Spicer, J.I., Hutchinson, T.H., Pipe, R.K. and Widdicombe, S., 2011. Immunological function in marine invertebrates: Responses to environmental perturbation. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 30, 1209-1222.
Jahangir, S., Siddiqui, G. and Ayub, Z., 2014. Temporal variation in the reproductive pattern of blood cockle Anadara antiquata from Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 263-272.
Suwanjarat, J., Pituksalee, C. and Thongchai, S., 2009. Reproductive cycle of Anadara granosa at Pattani bay and its relationship with metal concentrations in the sediments. Songkhlanakharin Journal of Science and Technology, 31, 471-479.
Nieves-Soto, M., Enriquez-Ocaña, F., Piña-Valdez, P., Maeda-Martínez, AN., Almodóvar-Cebreros, J.R. and Acosta-Salmón, H., 2011. Is the mangrove cockle Anadara tuberculosa a candidate for effluent bioremediation? Energy budgets under combined conditions of temperature and salinity. Aquaculture, 318, 434-438.
Taylor, A.M., Maher, W.A. and Ubrihien, R.P., 2017. Mortality, condition index and cellular responses of Anadara trapezia to combined salinity and temperature stress. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 497, 172-179.
Naphetaphat, J., Kabinrum, S. and Sudmee, Y., 1990. The oxygen consumption of cockle, Anadara granosa Linn., Technical Paper No. 15/1990. Bangkok: Department of Fisheries.
Ferreira, J.G., Hawkins, A.J.S. and Bricker, S.B., 2007. Management of productivity, environmental effects and profitability of shell fish aquaculture- the Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) model. Aquaculture, 264, 160-174.
Rueda, J.L., Smaal, A.C. and Scholten, H., 2007. A growth model of the cockle (Cerastoderma edule L.) tested in the Oosterschelde estuary (the Netherlands). Journal of Sea Research, 54, 276-298.
Iglesias, J.I.P., Navarro, E., Alvarez-Journa, P. and Armentina, I., 1992. Feeding, particle selection and absorption in cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.) exposed to variable conditions of food concentration and quality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 162, 177-198.
Navarro, E., Iglesias, J.I.P. and Ortega, M.M., 1992. Natural sediment as a food source for the cockle Cerastoderma edule (L.): effect of variable particle concentration on feeding, digestion and the scope for growth. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 156, 69-87.
Urrutia, M.B., Iglesias, J.I.P., Navarro, E. and Prou, J., 1996. Feeding and absorption in Cerastoderma edule under environmental conditions in the bay of Marennes-Oleron (Wastern France). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 76, 431-450.
Hawkins, A.J.S., Bayne, B.L., Bougrier, S., Heral, M., Iglesias, J.I.P., Navarro, E. and Smith, R.F.M., 1998. Some general relationships in comparing the feeding physiology of suspension feeding bivalve molluscs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 219, 87-103.
Cooper, N.L., Bidwell, J.R. and Cherry, D.S., 2005. Potential effects of Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) die-offs on native freshwater mussels (Unionidae) II: Porewater ammonia. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(2), 381-394.
Cherry, D.S., Scheller, J.L., Cooper, N.L. and Bidwell, J.R., 2005. Potential effects of Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) die-offs on native freshwater mussels (Unionidae) I: Water-column ammonia levels and ammonia toxicity. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(2), 369-380.
Cheng, W., Hsiao, I.S. and Chen, J.C., 2004. Effect of ammonia on the immune response of Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and its susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 17, 193-202.
Cheng, W., Hsiao, I.S. and Chen, J.C., 2004. Effect of nitrite on immune response of Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and its susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 60, 157-164.
Kamermans, P., 1993. Food limitation in cockles (Cerastoderma edule L.): Influences of location on tidal flat and of nearby presence of mussel beds. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 31(1), 1-81.
Montaudouin, X.D., 1996. Factors involved in growth plasticity of cockles Cerastoderma edule (L). identified by field survey and transplant experiments. Journal of Sea Research, 36, 251-265.