Fungal Contamination and Characterization of Aspergillus flavus on Poultry Feeds and their Ingredients in North Sumatera
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Poultry feeds mainly consist of cereal grains and crops that are vulnerable to fungal infection. Improper handling of the feeds increases spoilage and contamination by aflatoxigenic fungi. The aim of this study was to determine fungal contamination including characterization of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains in poultry feed and its ingredients. We collected 200 composite samples of compound poultry feeds and their ingredients sold by retailers at traditional markets. The fungal population was enumerated using a dilution followed by the pour plate in dichloran 18% glycerol agar medium. All isolated A. flavus were identified by culture technique and molecular approach. Aflatoxin production was determined in 10% coconut agar medium with thin layer chromatography. Regulatory (aflR) and structural (nor-1, ver-1, omt-1) genes of A. flavus strains were isolated using four sets of primers (aflR, nor-1, ver-1, omt-1). We found that all feeds were infected by fungi. Aspergillus chevalieri was the most found in all feeds, particularl on chick starter. Of the 200 samples of compound and poultry feed ingredients, 57 isolates of A. flavus were examined and 16 of them (28%) were toxigenic, each strain producing aflatoxin B1 from <3.01 to 35.50 ppb. Among feeds, layer finisher, pellet starter and grain corn were the most infected by toxigenic A. flavus, respectively. The contamination occurred on feeds that contained corn as the main compound. Routine analysis of compound poultry feeds and their ingredients for aflatoxigenic fungi particularly A. flavus is compulsory.
Keywords: Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; fungal population; poultry feeds; non-toxigenic
*Corresponding author: Tel.: (+062) 1533178071 Fax 0618214290
E-mail: kiki2@usu.ac.id
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Alshanaq, A. and Yu, J.-H., 2017. Occurrence, toxicity and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(6), DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060632.
Jayashree, M. and Wesely, E.G., 2019. Effect of moisture content on aflatoxin production in field infected and farmer saved sorghum (FSS) grains. The International Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis, 11(11), 2505-2513.
Brown, L.R., 2018. Aflatoxins in Food and Feed, Impact, Risks, and Management Strategies, GCAN Policy Note 9. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Thuita, F.N., Tuitoek, J.K., King’ori, A.M. and Obonyo, M.A., 2019. Prevalence of aflatoxins contamination in commercial broilers feeds in Kenya. [online] Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/1/jtuit31003.html.
Mahato, D.K., Lee, K.E., Kamle, M., Devi, S., Dewangan, K.N., Kumar, P. and Kang, S.G., 2019. Aflatoxins in food and feed: An overview in prevalence, detection and control strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02266.
Okun, D.O., Khamis, F.M., Muluvi, G.M., Ngeranwa, J.J., Ombura, F.O., Yongo, M.O. and Kenya, E.U., 2015. Distribution of indigenous strains of atoxigenic and toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in maize and peanuts agro-ecological zones of Kenya. Agriculture and Food Security, 4(1), 2-10.
Krnjaja, V., Stojanović, A., Stanković, S., Lucić, M., Bijelić, Z., Mandić, V. and Mićić, N., 2017. Fungal contamination of maize grain samples with a special focus on toxigenic genera. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 33(2), 233-241.
Kehinde, M.T., Oluwafemi, F., Itoandon, E.E., Orji, F.A. and Ajay, O.I., 2014. Fungal profile and aflatoxin contamination in poultry feeds sold in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Food Journal, 32(1), 73-79.
Monson, M.S., Coulombe, R.A. and Reed, K.M., 2015. Aflatoxicosis: Lessons of toxicity and responses to aflatoxin B1 in poultry. Agriculture, 5(3), 742-777.
Herzallah, S.M., 2013. Aflatoxin B1 residues in eggs and flesh of laying hens fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet. American Journal Agriculture Biological Science, 8(2), 156-161.
Pleadin, J., 2015. Mycotoxins in grains and feed contamination and toxic effect in animals. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 31(4), 441-456.
Ochieng, P.E., Scippo, M.-L., Kemboi, D.C., Croubels, S., Okoth, S., Kang’ethe, E.K., Daupovec, B., Gathumbi, J.K., Lindahl, J.F. and Antonissen, G., 2021. Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients from Sub-Saharan Africa and their impacts on the production of broiler and layer chickens: A review. Toxins, 13(9), DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090633.
Hassane, A.M.A., El-Shanawany, A.A., Abo-Dahab, N.F., Abdel-Hadi, A.M., Abdul- Raouf, U.M. and Mwanza, M., 2017. Influence of different moisture contents and temperature on growth and production of aflatoxin B1 by a toxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolate in wheat flour. Journal of Ecology of Health Environment, 5(3), 77-83.
Caceres, I., Khoury, A.A., Khouri, R.E., Lorber, S., Oswald, I.P., Khoury, A.E., Atoui, A., Puel, O. and Bailly, J.-D., 2020. Aflatoxins biosynthesis and genetic regulation: A review. Toxins, 12(3), DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030150.
Rahimi, A., Sasani, E., Rezaie, S., Dallal, M.M.S., Mahmoudi, S., Ahmadi, A., Ghaffari, M., Aala, F. and Khodavaisy, S., 2021. Molecular identification of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in dried nuts and grains collected from Tehran, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19(2), 1795-1799, DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00734-6.
Nagur, K.S., Sukarno, N. and Listyowati, S., 2014. Identification of Aspergillus flavus and detection of its aflatoxin genes isolated from peanut. Biotropia, 21(1), 64-75.
Pitt, J.I and Hocking, A.D., 2009. Fungi and Food Spoilage. 3rd ed. New York: Springer.
Lin, M.T. and Dianese, J.C., 1976. A coconut-agar medium for rapid detection of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus spp. Phytopathology, 66, 1466-1469.
Davis, N.D., Iyer, S.K. and Diener, U.L., 1987. Improved method of screening for aflatoxin with a coconut agar medium. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 53(7), 1593-1595.
Novas, M.V. and Cabral, D., 2002. Association of mycotoxin and sclerotia production with compatibility groups in Aspergillus flavus from peanuts in Argentina. Plant Disease, 86(3), 215-219.
Criseo, G., Bagnara, A. and Bisignano, G., 2001. Differentiation of aflatoxin-producing and non-producing strains of Aspergillus flavus group. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 33, 291-295, DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2001.00998.x.
BSN, Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia, 2016. Pakan Ayam Petelur-Bagian 5: Masa Produksi (Layer). Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
Ghaemmaghami, S.S., Nowroozi, H. and Moghadam, M.T., 2018. Toxigenic fungal contamination for assessment of poultry feeds: mashed vs. pellet. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 12(5), 5-10.
Boroojeni, F.G., Svihus, B., von Reichenbach, H.G. and Zentek, J., 2016. The effects of hydrothermal processing on feed hygiene, nutrient availability, intestinal microbiota and morphology in poltry-A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 220, 187-215, DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.010.
Ghaemmaghami, S.S., Modirsaneii, M., Khosravi, A.R. and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M., 2016. Study on mycoflora of poultry feed ingredients and finished feed in Iran. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 8(1), 47-54.
Mokubedi, S.M., Phoku, J.Z., Changwa, R.N., Gbashi, S. and Njobeh, P.B., 2019. Analysis of mycotoxins contamination on poultry feeds manufactured in selected provinces of South Africa using UHPLC-MS/MS. Toxins, 11(8), DOI:10.3390/toxins11080452.
Ibrahim, M.J., Kabir, J., Kwanashie, C.N., Salawudeen, M.T. and Joshua, Z., 2017. Occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feeds at live-bird markets, Zaria, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 15, 53-59.
Nurtjahja, K., Zuhra, C.F., Sembiring, H., Bungsu, A., Simanullang, J., Silalahi, J.E., Gultom, B.N.L. and Sartini, S., 2019. Fungal contamination spices from Indonesia with emphasis on Aspergillus flavus. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 37(5), 338-344, DOI: 10.17221/18/2019-CJFS.
Shehu, K., Salau, I.A. and Salisu, N., 2020. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of stored maize grains in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Journal of Advance Botany and Zoology, 8(1), DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4074249.
Greco, M.V., Franci, M.L., Golba, S.L.R., Pardo, A.G. and Pose, G.M., 2014. Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feeds for food-producing animals. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/968215.
Nurtjahja, K., Dharmaputra, O.S., Rahayu, W.P. and Syaiful, R., 2017. Fungal population of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) kernels affected by water activity during storage. Agritech, 37(3), 288-294.
Okoth, S.A., Nyongesa, B., Joutsjoki, V., Korhonen, H., Ayugi, V. and Kang’ethe, E.K., 2016. Sclerotial formation and toxin production in large sclerotial Aspergillus flavus isolates from Kenya. Advances in Microbiology, 6(1), 47-56.
Liu, J., Sun, L., Zhang, N., Zhang, J., Guo, J., Li, C., Rajput, S.A. and Qi, D., 2016. Effects of nutrients in substrates of different grains on aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus. BioMed Research International, 2016, DOI: 10.1155/2016/7232858.
Nakavuma, J.L., Kirabo, A., Bogere, P., Nabulime, M.M., Kaaya, A.N. and Gnonlonfin, B., 2020. Awareness of mycotoxins and occurrence of aflatoxins in poultry feeds and feed ingredients in selected regions of Uganda. International Journal of Food Contamination, 7(1), DOI: 10.1186/s40550-020-00079-2.