Promotion of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) Growth by Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Extract
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bacopa monniera (Brahmi), a saponin-containing medicinal and culinary herb, can be used to enhance memory and rejuvenate the brain. Moreover, it has other human health benefits. The cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. has been shown to produce bioactive compounds and plant growth regulators like indol acetic acid (IAA), which regulates various aspects of plant growth and development. This research aimed to study the effects of Nostoc sp. extract (NTE) supplement concentration in liquid medium on Brahmi survival rate, growth parameters, and saponin content. The experiments were designed using randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications, including Bristol’s medium (BT), pH 6.0 (control solution), and BT with four concentrations of NTE: 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0%(w/v). The results indicated that IAA was found to increase with increase in NTE concentration. The IAA concentration in 1.0%(w/v) NTE was 43.56±3.21 pmol.mg-1 Ch-a. NTE supplementation at 0.001%, and 0.01%(w/v) had no negative effect on Brahmi survival rate, while the Brahmi survival rate decreased with increase in NTE concentration up to 0.1% (w/v). The optimal NTE concentration for Brahmi growth was 0.01%(w/v), which produced the highest shoot number, shoot height, root number, root length, leaf number, and chlorophyll content. Brahmi grown under all treatments was extracted and determined for the saponin content. The results showed that the levels of saponin from Brahmi grown in 0.01%(w/v) NTE had increased by two-fold over the control. This study showed that NTE supplementation enhanced the growth and saponin levels of Brahmi and NTE could be used as bio-promoting agent for plant growth and development.
Keywords: Nostoc; Brahmi; growth; IAA; saponin
*Corresponding author: Tel.: (+66) 806944514
E-mail: bongkoj@g.swu.ac.th
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Hossain, H., Howlader, M.S.I., Dey, S.K., Hira, A. and Ahmed, A., 2012. Evaluation of analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri (L). British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2(3), 188-196.
Stough, C., Downey, L.A., Lloyd, J., Silber, B., Redman, S., Hutchison, C., Wesnes, K. and Nathan, P.J., 2008. Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomized trial. Phytotherapy Research, 22(12), 1629-1634, DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2537.
Aguiar, S., and Borowski, T., 2013. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. Rejuvenation Research, 16(4), 313-326.
Ramasamy, S., Chin, S.P., Sukumaran, S.D., Buckle, M.J.C., Kiew, L.V. and Chung, L.Y., 2015. In silico and in vitro analysis of bacoside A aglycones and its derivatives as the constituents responsible for the cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri. PLoS One, 10(5), DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126565.
Chaudhari, K.S., Tiwari, N.R., Tiwari, R.R. and Sharma, R.S., 2017. Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of neurosciences, 24(2), 111-122, DOI: 10.1159/000475900.
Saesong, T., Nangngam, P. and Ingkaninan, K., 2019. Pharmacognostic and physico-chemical investigations of the aerial part of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 41(2), 397-404.
Nunya, N., Manochai, B. and Hong, J.H., 2019. Changes in antioxidant activity and active compounds of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. over successive growth stages. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 52(3), 131-141.
Szakiel, A., Pączkowski, C. and Henry, M., 2011. Influence of environmental biotic factors on the content of saponins in plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 10(4), 493-502, DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9164-2.
Singh, V., Jain, N. and Shri, R., 2021. Effect of abiotic factors on bacoside A content, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(Supp. 1), 063-070, DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.11s107.
Mackay, M.A., Norton, R.S. and Borowitzka, L.J., 1984. Organic osmoregulatory solutes in cyanobacteria. Microbiology, 130(9), 2177-2191.
Garlick, S., Oren, A. and Padan, E., 1977. Occurrence of facultative anoxygenic photosynthesis among filamentous and unicellular cyanobacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 129(2), 623-629.
Laloknam, S., Tanaka, K., Buaboocha, T., Waditee, R., Incharoensakdi, A., Hibino, T., Tanaka, Y. and Takabe, T., 2006. Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter active at alkaline pH and high salinity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(9), 6018-6026.
Laloknam, S., Kanchitanurak, P., Boonburapong, B., Rai, V. and Kongwitthaya, S., 2014. Inorganic and organic compounds of freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria under normal and salt stress conditions. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 8, 1059-1067, DOI: 10.17265/1934-7375/2014.11.006.
Sergeeva, E., Liaimer, A. and Bergman, B., 2002. Evidence for production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid by cyanobacteria. Planta, 215(2), 229-238.
Rai, A.K., 1997. Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Metabolism and Environmental Biotechnology. Heidelberg: Springer.
Venkataraman, G.S., 1981. Blue-green algae: a possible remedy to nitrogen scarcity. Current Science, 50(6), 253-256.
Boopathi, T., Balamurugan, V., Gopinath, S. and Sundararaman, M., 2013. Characterization of IAA production by the mangrove cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. MI405019 and its influence on tobacco seed germination and organogenesis. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 32(4), 758-766.
Ahmed, M., Stal, L.J. and Hasnain, S., 2010. Association of non-heterocystous cyanobacteria with crop plants. Plant and Soil, 336(1), 363-375.
Barker, S.J. and Tagu, D., 2000. The roles of auxins and cytokinins in mycorrhizal symbioses. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 19(2), 144-154.
Soundararajan, T. and Karrunakaran, C., 2011. Micropropagation of Bacopa monnieri through protoplast. Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 3(2), 135-152.
Kachonpadungkitti, Y. and Jala, A., 2014. Influence of BA and NAA on inducing new shoots and roots in Bacopa monaneiri (L.) Pennel in vitro. Thai Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 7-14.
Kumari, U., Vishwakarma, R.K., Gupta, N., Shirgurkar, M. and Khan, B.M., 2015. Efficient shoots regeneration and genetic transformation of Bacopa monniera. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 21(2), 261-267.
Sakamoto, M., Uenishi, M., Miyamoto, K. and Suzuki, T., 2016. Effect of root-zone temperature on the growth and fruit quality of hydroponically grown strawberry plants. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(5), 122-131.
Maneeply, C., Sujipuli, K. and Kunpratum, N., 2018. Growth of Brahmi Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. by NFT and DFT hydroponic systems and their accumulation of saponin bacosides. NU. International Journal of Science, 15(2), 114-124.
Mohammadipour, N. and Souri, M.K., 2019. Effects of different levels of glycine in the nutrient solution on the growth, nutrient composition and antioxidant activity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Acta Agrobotanica, 72(1), DOI: 10.5586/aa.1759.
Mardanluo, S., Souri, M.K. and Ahmadi, M., 2018. Plant growth and fruit quality of two pepper cultivars under different potassium levels of nutrient solutions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(12), 1604-1614.
Dehnavard, S., Souri, M.K. and Mardanlu, S., 2017. Tomato growth responses to foliar application of ammonium sulfate in hydroponic culture. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(3), 315-323.
Serri, F., Souri, M.K. and Rezapanah, M., 2021. Growth, biochemical quality and antioxidant capacity of coriander leaves under organic and inorganic fertilization programs. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8, DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00232-9.
Ebrahimi, M., Souri, M.K., Mousavi, A. and Sahebani, N., 2021. Biochar and vermicompost improve growth and physiological traits of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under deficit irrigation. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8, DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00216-9.
Souri, M.K. and Hatamian, M., 2019. Aminochelates in plant nutrition; a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(1), 67-78.
Kachensuwan, C., Kongwithtaya, S., Phornphisutthimas, S. and Laloknam, S., 2012. A Screening of cyanobacteria producing the peroxidase. Journal of Research Unit on Science, Technology and Environment for Learning, 3(1), 1-7. (in Thai)
Kamnev, A.A., Shchelochkov, A.G., Perfiliev, Y.D., Tarantilis, P.A. and Polissiou, M.G., 2001. Spectroscopic investigation of indole-3-acetic acid interaction with iron (III). Journal of Molecular Structure, 563, 565-572.
Hoagland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I., 1950. The Water-culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil. Berkeley: The College of Agriculture University of California.
De Marsac, N.T. and Houmard, J., 1988. Complementary chromatic adaptation: physiological conditions and action spectra. Methods in Enzymology, 167, 318-328.
Uematsu, Y., Hirata, K., Saito, K. and Kudo, I., 2000. Spectrophotometric determination of saponin in Yucca extract used as food additive. Journal of AOAC International, 83(6), 1451-1454.
Sharma, O.P., Kumar, K., Singh, B. and Bhat, T.K., 2012. An improved method for thin layer chromatographic analysis of saponins. Food Chemistry, 132(1), 671-74.
Mehboob, A., Lucas, J.S. and Hasnanin, S., 2010. Production of indole-3-acetic acid by the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis strain MMG-9. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 20(9), 1259-1265.
Prieto, C.R.E., Cordoba, C.N.M., Montenegro, J.A.M. and González-Mariño, G.E., 2011. Production of indole-3-acetic acid in the culture medium of microalga Scenedesmus obliquus (UTEX 393). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22(12), 2355-2361.
Ahmad, F., Ahmad, I. and Khan, M.S., 2005. Indole acetic acid production by the indigenous isolates of Azotobacter and fluorescent Pseudomonas in the presence and absence of tryptophan. Turkish Journal of Biology, 29(1), 29-34.
Noroozlo, Y.A., Souri, M.K. and Delshad, M., 2019. Effects of soil application of amino acids, ammonium, and nitrate on nutrient accumulation and growth characteristics of sweet basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(22), 2864-2872.
Souri, M.K. and Sooraki, F.Y., 2019. Benefits of organic fertilizers spray on growth quality of chili pepper seedlings under cool temperature. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(6), 650-656.
Souri, M.K. and Bakhtiarizade, M., 2019. Biostimulation effects of rosemary essential oil on growth and nutrient uptake of tomato seedlings. Scientia Horticulture, 243, 472-476.
Jaiswal, A., Das, K., Koli, D.K. and Pabbi, S., 2018. Characterization of cyanobacteria for IAA and siderophore production and their effect on rice seed germination. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5, 212-222.
Pankratova, E., Trefilova, L., Zyablykh, R.Y. and Ustyuzhanin, I., 2008. Cyanobacterium Nostoc paludosum Kütz as a basis for creation of agriculturally useful microbial associations by the example of bacteria of the genus Rhizobium. Microbiology, 77(2), 228-234.
Sable, A.D., Kardile, P.B., Sable, A.D. and Kharde, A.V., 2018. Studies on effect of different concentration of NaCI on bacoside production from brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) under in vitro condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7, 1386-1389.
Ahmed, M., Stal, L.J. and Hasnain, S., 2010. Production of indole-3-acetic acid by the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis strain MMG-9. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 20(9), 1259-1265.
Mahender, A., Mallesham, B., Srinivas, K., Kumar, G.K., Rao K.V., Rajesh, Y., Zhang P. and Sadanandam, A., 2012. A rapid and efficient method for in vitro shoot organogenesis and production of transgenic Bacopa monnieri L. mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant, 48(2), 153-159.
Chauhan, R. and Shirkot, P., 2020. Micropropagation of endangered medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2), 1614-1620.
Csonka, L.N. and Hanson, A.D., 1991. Prokaryotic osmoregulation: genetics and physiology. Annual Review of Microbiology, 45(1), 569-606.
Ventosa, A., Nieto, J.J. and Oren, A., 1998. Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62(2), 504-544.
Galinski, E.A., 1995. Osmoadaptation in bacteria. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 37, 273-328.
Yancey, P.H., 1994. Compatible and counteracting solutes. In: K. Strange, ed. Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation. Florida: CRC Press, pp. 81-109.
Li, J., Guan, Y., Yuan, L., Hou, J., Wang, C., Liu, F., Yang, Y., Lu, Z., Chen, G. and Zhu, S., 2019. Effects of exogenous IAA in regulating photosynthetic capacity, carbohydrate metabolism and yield of Zizania latifolia. Scientia Horticulturae, 253, 276-285.
Singh, S. and Prasad, S.M., 2015. IAA alleviates Cd toxicity on growth, photosynthesis and oxidative damages in eggplant seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation, 77(1), 87-98.
Calvo, P., Nelson, L. and Kloepper, J.W., 2014. Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant and Soil, 383(1), 3-41.
Mutale-joan, C., Redouane, B., Najib, E., Yassine, K., Lyamlouli, K., Laila, S., Zeroual, Y. and Hicham, E.A., 2020. Screening of microalgae liquid extracts for their bio stimulant properties on plant growth, nutrient uptake and metabolite profile of Solanum lycopersicum L. Scientific Reports, 10(1), DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59840-4.
Phrompittayarat, W., Jetiyanon, K., Wittaya-Areekul, S., Putalun, W., Tanaka, H., Khan, I. and Ingkaninan, K., 2011. Influence of seasons, different plant parts, and plant growth stages on saponin quantity and distribution in Bacopa monnieri. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 33(2), 193-199.