A Double-layered Paper-based Analytical Device for Determination of Iron in Water Samples based on Standard Addition Method
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
A simple method for the determination of iron involved a novel paper-based analytical device (PAD) was developed. The PAD was composed of two layers. Each layer contained a circular hydrophilic reservoir (10 mm Ø) that was situated in a rectangular filter paper (25 Î 25 mm2). The hydrophobic area was created by painting the paper with a “waterproof” glue. The top and the bottom layers were assigned as “the filtration” and “the detection” platforms, respectively. The procedure was started by pipetting an aliquot of bathophenanthroline (Bphen) onto the hydrophilic zone of the bottom layer followed by spiking of standard solutions (0.1-0.5 mgL-1 Fe2+). The red complex was developed. Then, the top and the bottom layers were assembled by two-sided mounting tape. Later, a water sample was dropped onto the top layer, which removed (filtered) any suspended particles in the water sample. When the filtrate was exposed to the bottom layer, a further colored product formed. The bottom layer was removed and placed in a light-controlled box, and the optical image of the product was captured using a smartphone. Its intensity was evaluated through ImageJTM. Linear standard addition plots were obtained (r2 > 0.99). The PAD provided high precision (RSD < 6%) with good recovery (92.6-102%). It was applied to the analysis of drinking, tap, canal and river water samples without any prior filtration. The iron amounts were compared to the results obtained by the spectrophotometric method, and there was not significantly difference at 95% confidence (Paired-t test, n = 5 samples, tstat = 2.68, tcri = 2.78).
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Meeravali, N.N., Madhavi, K. and Sahayam, A.C., 2021. Novel ionic reverse mixed micelle supramolecules in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the successive/individual sensitive speciation analysis of iron in natural water by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Microchemical Journal, 164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.105986.
Andreani, A.S., Kunarti, E.S., Hashimoto, T., Hayashita, T. and Santosa, S.J., 2021. Fast and selective colorimetric detection of Fe3+ based on gold nanoparticles capped with ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105962.
Department of Health, 2020. Declaration of Quality Criteria of Drinkable Tap Water. [online] Available at: https://www.laws.anamai.moph.go.th/th/practices/201133.
Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand, 2018. Declaration of General Standard Criteria for Draining Pretreated Wastewater. [online] Available at: https://www.env.ieat.go.th/th.
Yaman, M. and Kaya, G., 2005. Speciation of iron (II) and (III) by using solvent extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 540, 77-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.018.
Proch, J. and Niedzielski, P., 2021. Iron species determination by high performance liquid chromatography with plasma based optical emission detectors: HPLC–MIP OES and HPLC–ICP OES. Talanta, 231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122403.
Okabe, S., Oda, K., Muto, M., Sahoo, Y.V. and Tanaka, M., 2021. Speciation and determination of iron in aqueous solution and river water by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115532.
Ugo, P., Moretto, L.M., De Boni, A., Scopece, P. and Mazzocchin, G.A., 2002. Iron (II) and iron (III) determination by potentiometry and ion-exchange voltammetry at ionomer-coated electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 474(1-2), 147-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01015-2.
Dieker, J.W. and Van Der Linden, W.E., 1980. Determination of iron (II) and iron (III) by flow injection and amperometric detection with a glassy carbon electrode. Analytica Chimica Acta, 114, 267-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84298-7.
Gong, X., Zhang, H., Jiang, N., Wang, L. and Wang, G., 2019. Oxadiazole-based ‘on-off’ fluorescence chemosensor for rapid recognition and detection of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in aqueous solution and in living cells. Microchemical Journal, 145, 435-443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.11.011.
Iqbal, A., Yuejun, T., Wang, X., Gong, D., Guo, Y., Iqbal, K., Wang, Z., Liu, W. and Qin, W., 2016. Carbon dots prepared by solid state method via citric acid and 1,10-phenanthroline for selective and sensing detection of Fe2+ and Fe3+. Sensors and Actuators B, 237, 408-415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.126.
Lv, P., Xu, Y., Liu, Z., Li, G. and Ye, B., 2020. Carbon dots doped lanthanide coordination polymers as dual-function fluorescent probe for ratio sensing Fe2+/Fe3+ and ascorbic acid. Microchemical Journal, 152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104255.
Senanayake, D.A.K., Perera, P.P.P., De Costa, M.D.P. and Senthilnithy, R., 2021. Bathophenanthroline as turn-off fluorescence sensors for selective and sensitive detection of Fe (II). Research Square, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-552179/v1.
Martinez, A.W., Phillips, S.T., Butte, M.J. and Whitesides, G.M., 2007. Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46, 1318-1320, https://doi:10.1002/anie.200603817.
Li, J.-J., Wang, X.-F., Huo, D.Q., Hou, C.J., Fa, H.B., Yang, M. and Zhang, L., 2016. Colorimetric measurement of Fe3+ using a functional paper-based sensor based on catalytic oxidation of gold nanoparticles. Sensors and Actuators B, 242, 1265-1271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.039.
Aguiar, J.I.S., Ribeiro, S.O., Leite, A., Rangel, M., Rangel, A.O.S.S. and Mesquita, R.B.R., 2023. Iron determination in natural waters using a synthesised 3-hydroxy-4-pyridione ligand in a newly developed microfluidic paper-based device. Chemosensors, 11(2), https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020101.
Mentele, M.M., Cunningham, J., Koehler, K.A., Volckens, J. and Henry, C.S., 2012. Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for particulate metals. Analytical Chemistry, 84, 4474-4480, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac300309c.
Ogawa, K. and Kaneta, T., 2016. Determination of iron ion in the water of a natural hot spring using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Analytical Sciences, 32(1), 31-34, https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.32.31.
Perry, R.D. and Clemente, C.L.S., 1977. Determination of iron with bathophenanthroline following an improved procedure for reduction of iron (III) ions. Analyst, 102, 114-119, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9770200114.
Ferreira, F.T.S.M., Catalão, K.A., Mesquita, R.B.R. and Rangel, A.O.S.S., 2021. New microfluidic paper-based analytical device for iron determination in urine samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 413, 7463-7472, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03706-9.
Miller, J.N. and Miller, J.C., 1993. Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry. 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.