Spore Germination and Gametophyte Development of Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum (Dryopteridaceae) Using Modified Culture Media

Main Article Content

Ermalene Taer
Fulgent Palmitos Coritico
Aprille Joy Magallanes Luceño Tenizo

Abstract

Pleocnemia irregularis is an economically important fern, with no known literature on its developmental biology. Thus, this study was aimed to document various aspects of its developmental stages including its patterns of spore germination, the morphology of various developmental stages, type of gametophyte development and percentage of gametophyte survival using modified culture media as the substrate. Morphological observations highlighted the distinctive monolete-bilateral, ellipsoidal, and reticulated perispores, while the prominent protuberance of club-shaped unicellular hairs persisted continuously from the germ filaments to the late gametophytic stages. Spore germination follows the Vittaria-type while Aspidium-type for the prothallial development. Among the treatments, T0 (garden soil), T3 (ground adventitious roots of tree fern + ground clay pots), and T1 (pure ground adventitious roots of tree fern) demonstrated a consistently prolific performances, from spore germination until the late gametophyte stage with rapid development led by T0. Conversely, consistent delayed development was observed for spores sown in T2 (ground clay pots). Regarding gametophyte survival, T0 significantly yielded the highest percentage of gametophyte survival (94%), while T2 obtained the lowest number (48.33%). No performance variation was observed in T3 and T1. As a result, T0 served as the best culture medium for gametophyte coverage. The utilization of accessible and cost-effective growing media provides a conducive substrate for the successful developmental biological study of P. irregularis. The information provided in this paper will certainly be useful in studying the developmental biology of those often overlooked but economically important pteridophytes.

Article Details

Section
Original Research Articles

References

Akomolafe, G., Oloyede, F. A., & Fajuke, A. A. (2015). Gametophyte morphology and sexual development in Pteris vittata L. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 612-615.

Amoroso, V. B., Coritico, F. P., & Fritsch, P. W. (2016). Species richness and conservation status of ferns and lycophytes in Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, Davao Oriental, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 145(2), 17-23.

Amoroso, V. B., Lituanas, C. R., Coritico, F. P., & Nietes, A. D. (2021). A Process of Producing Spore Culture Medium for Platycerium grande. Philippines Patent No. PH22021050310U1. Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines.

Apuan, D., Apuan, M., Perez, T., Perez, R. E., Claveria, R. J., Doronila, A., & Tan, M. (2016). Propagation protocol of Pteris vittata L. using spores for phytoremediation. International Journal of Biosciences, 8(6), 14-21.

Chen, G. J., Cheng, X., Liu, B. D., & Jiao, Y. (2008). Comparative studies on gametophyte morphology and development of seven species of Cyatheaceae. American Fern Journal, 98(2), 83-95.

Chiou, W. L., & Farrar, D. R. (1997). Comparative gametophyte morphology of selected species of the family Polypodiaceae. American Fern Journal, 87(3), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.2307/1547267

Coritico, F. P., Amoroso, V. B., Acma, F. M., Carino, Y. L., & Fritsch, P. W. (2020). Ferns and lycophytes of Mt. Rago Range, Bukidnon, Southern Philippines: Species richness, distribution, and conservation status. Philippine Journal of Science 149(3), 773-790.

Cullina, W. (2008). Native ferns, moss and grasses. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

de Winter, W. P., & Amoroso, V. B. (2003). Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Cryptogams: Ferns and Fern Allies. Backhuys Publishers.

Fernández, H., & Revilla, M. A. (2003). In vitro culture of ornamental ferns. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 73(1), 1-13.

Guo, Z.-Y., & Liu, H.-M. (2014). Gametophyte morphology and development of three species of Cyrtogonellum Ching (Dryopteridaceae). American Fern Journal, 103(3), 153-165.

Holttum, R.E., 1974. The fern-genus Pleocnemia. Kew Bulletin, 29, 341-357.

Hoshizaki, B. J., & Moran, R. C. (2001). Fern grower’s manual. Timber Press.

Jang, B., Cho, J. S. & Lee, C. (2019). Propagation methods for gametophyte proliferation and sporophyte formation in silver cloak fern (Cheilanthes argentea). Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 60, 435-442.

Kaur, S., & Devi, S. (1976). Prothallus morphology in some tectarioid ferns. American Fern Journal, 66(3), 102-106.

Ko, W.H. (2003). Germination of fern spores in natural soils. American Fern Journal, 93(2), 70-75.

Kreier, H.-P., & Schneider, H. (2006). Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae). American Journal of Botany, 93(2), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.217

Mehltreter, K., Walker, L. R., & Sharpe, J. M. (2010). Fern ecology. Cambridge University Press.

Miler, J. H. (1968). Fern gametophytes as experimental material. Botanical Review, 34, 361-440.

Mishra, N., & Behera, S. K. (2020). Tree ferns and giant ferns in India: Their significance and conservation. In V. Shukla & N. Kumar (Eds). Environmental concerns and sustainable development. Volume 2: Biodiversity, soil and waste management (pp. 45-62). Springer.

Nayar, B. K., & Kaur, S. (1971). Gametophytes of homosporous ferns. Botanical Review, 37(3), 295-396.

Puspitasari, D. S., Chikmawati, T., & Praptosuwiryo, T. N. (2015). Gametophyte morphology and development of six species of Pteris (Pteridaceae) from Java Island Indonesia. The Journal of Tropical Life Science, 5(2), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.05.02.08

Qiu, Y.-L., Taylor, A. B., & McManus, H. A. (2012). Evolution of the life cycle in land plants. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 50(3), 171-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2012.00188

Sigel, E. M., Schuettpelz, E., Pryer, K. M., & Der, J. P. (2018). Overlapping patterns of gene expression between gametophyte and sporophyte phases in the fern Polypodium amorphum (Polypodiales). Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, Article 1450. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01450

Winch, T. (2007). Growing food: A guide to food production. Springer.