Antioxidant Activity and Anti-tyrosinase Activity of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Flower Extract Encapsulated in Layered Double Hydroxide
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Dermatological problem is mainly caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and excessive tyrosinase level in human body. It becomes interesting in the field of biological research which has been attempted to develop new materials from plant extracts to solve this problem. The concern is how those components in the plant extract can be used, protected, and released efficiently during application processes. In this study, we aimed to create a layered double hydroxide (LDH) encapsulating white lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) flower extract (WLE-LDH), investigate the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. flower extract encapsulated in the layered double hydroxide (WLE-LDH), and assess the release properties of the nanohybrid. DPPH assay and anti-tyrosinase enzyme assay were performed on methanol extract of N. nucifera and WLE-LDH. The white lotus methanolic extract demonstrated antioxidant activity with an EC50 of 0.17 mg mL-1 and uncompetitive inhibition of tyrosinase with an IC50 of 0.43 mg mL-1. The reconstruction method was used to encapsulate the white lotus flower extract into Mg-Al LDH without isolating the phytochemicals. The successful intercalation of the crude flower extract into the layered structure was confirmed by an increase in the interlayer spacing as indicated by shift in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data and SEM image also showed that an encapsulated nanohybrid had been successfully formed. Further, the data of exposure to ultraviolet–visible light suggested that the crude extract of N. nucifera Gaertn. flower was stabilized within the LDH bilayer, protecting its bioactivities. The resulting nanohybrid with bioactive phytoconstituents showed antioxidant activity with an EC50 of 0.58 mg mL-1 and anti-tyrosinase activity with an IC50 of 0.63 mg mL-1. Furthermore, the WLE-LDH sample demonstrated slow and controlled release characteristics with antioxidant activity for up to 3½ h and anti-tyrosinase activity for up to 2½ h. Our findings suggest a promising strategy of its potential applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Alcântara, A. C. S., Aranda, P., Darder, M., & Ruiz-Hitzky, E. (2010). Bionanocomposites based on alginate-zein/layered double hydroxide materials as drug delivery systems. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20(42), 9495-9504. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01211d
Ashraf, Z., Rafiq, M., Seo, S. Y., Kwon, K. S., Babar, M. M., & Zaidi, N. U. S. S. (2015). Kinetic and in silico studies of novel hydroxy-based thymol analogues as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 98, 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.031
Bakhouche, I., Aliat, T., Boubellouta, T., Gali, L., Şen, A., & Bellik, Y. (2021). Phenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-inflammatory effects of leaves and roots extracts of the halophyte Limonium delicatulum. South African Journal of Botany, 139, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.01.030
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Chen, J., Ran, M., Wang, M., Liu, X., Liu, S., Ruan, Z., & Jin, N. (2021). Evaluation of antityrosinase activity and mechanism, antioxidation, and UV filter properties of theaflavin. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 69(3), 951-962. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.2166
Crespo, M. I., Chabán, M. F., Lanza, P. A., Joray, M. B., Palacios, S. M., Vera, D. M. A., & Carpinella, M. C. (2019). Inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from Lepechinia meyenii on tyrosinase. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 125, 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.019
Daniel, S. & Thomas, S. (2020). Layered double hydroxides: fundamentals to applications. In S. Thomas & S. Daniel (Eds.), Layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites (pp. 1-76). Woodhead Publishing.
Dubey, S., & Baghel, S. S. (2019). Phytochemical investigation and determination of phytoconstituents in flower extract of Nelumbo nucifera. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(1), 146-149. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1.2197
Eckelt, R., Olfs, H., Kosslick, H., & Torres-Dorante, L. (2009). Comparison of different synthesis routes for Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (LDH): Characterization of the structural phases and anion exchange properties. Applied Clay Science, 43, 459-464.
Ferencz, Z. (2016). Mechanochemical preparation and structural characterization of layered double hydroxides and their amino acid-intercalated derivatives. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Szeged]. SZTE Doktori Repozitórium Archive. https://doktori.bibl.u-szeged.hu/id/eprint/2886/8/tezisfuzet_angol.pdf
Gunawardana, S. L. A., & Jayasuriya, W. J. A. B. N. (2019). Medicinally important herbal flowers in sri lanka. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, Article 2321961. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2321961
Jeon, S., Kim, N. H., Koo, B. S., Kim, J. Y., & Lee, A. Y. (2009). Lotus (Nelumbo nuficera) flower essential oil increased melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes. Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 41(7), 517-524. https://doi.org/10.3858/emm.2009.41.7.057
Jeung, D.-G., Kim, H.-J., & Oh, J.-M. (2019). Incorporation of Glycine max Merrill extract into layered double hydroxide through ion-exchange and reconstruction. Nanomaterials, 9(9), Article 1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091262
Karunaratne, V., Kottegoda, N., & de Alwis, A. (2012). Nanotechnology in a world out of balance. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 40(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v40i1.4165
Kim, H.-J., Lee, S.-B., Choi, A.-J., & Oh, J.-M. (2019). Zingiber officinale extract (ZOE) incorporated with layered double hydroxide hybrid through reconstruction to preserve antioxidant activity of ZOE against ultrasound and microwave irradiation. Nanomaterials, 9(9), Article 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091281
Kim, H.-J., Lee, G. J., Choi, A.-J., Kim, T.-H., Kim, T.-I., & Oh, J.-M. (2018). Layered double hydroxide nanomaterials encapsulating Angelica gigas nakai extract for potential anticancer nanomedicine. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, Article 723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00723
Kim, T. H., Kim, H. J., Choi, A. J., Choi, H. J., & Oh, J. M. (2016). Hybridization between natural extract of angelica gigas nakai and inorganic nanomaterial of layered double hydroxide via reconstruction reaction. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 16(1), 1138-1145. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.10688
Kim, T., Kim, H. J., Cho, S. K., Kang, W. Y., Baek, H., Jeon, H. Y., Kim, B., & Kim, D. (2011). Nelumbo nucifera extracts as whitening and anti-wrinkle cosmetic agent. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(2), 424-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0357-6
Liyanaararchchi, G. D., Samarasekera, J. K. R. R., Mahanama, K. R. R., & Hemalal, K. D. P. (2018). Tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Sri Lankan medicinal plants for novel cosmeceuticals. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.11.019
Megalathan, A., Kumarage, S., Dilhari, A., Weerasekera, M. M., Samarasinghe, S., & Kottegoda, N. (2016). Natural curcuminoids encapsulated in layered double hydroxides: A novel antimicrobial nanohybrid. Chemistry Central Journal, 10(1), Article 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13065-016-0179-7
Mukherjee, P. K., Mukherjee, D., Maji, A. K., Rai, S., & Heinrich, M. (2009). The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) - phytochemical and therapeutic profile. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 61(4), 407-422.
Nejati, K., Mokhtari, A., Khodam, F., & Rezvani, Z. (2016). Syntheses of Mg – Al – NO 3 layered double hydroxides with high crystallinity in the presence of amines. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 94(3), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0265
Noysang, C., & Boonmatit, N. (2019). Preliminary phytochemicals and pharmacologic activities assessment of white and pink Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. flowers. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 891, 41-51.
Pandita, A., & Pandita, D. (2020). Antioxidants in vegetables and nuts - Properties and health benefits. In G. A. Nayik & A. Gull (Eds.). Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7470-2
Perera, J., Weerasekera, M., & Kottegoda, N. (2015). Slow release anti-fungal skin formulations based on citric acid intercalated layered double hydroxides nanohybrids. Chemistry Central Journal, 9, Article 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-015-0106-3
Perotti, G. F., Silva, F. F., de Couto, R. A. A., Lima, F. C. D. A., Petrilli, H. M., Leroux, F., Ferreira, A. M. C., & Constantino, V. R. L. (2020). Intercalation of Apocarotenoids from Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) into layered double hydroxides. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 31(11), 2211-2223.
Poellmann, H., & Witzke, T. (2010). ICDD Grant-in-Aid. University of Halle, Department of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany.
Samindra, K. M. S., & Kottegoda, N. (2014). Encapsulation of curcumin into layered double hydroxides. Nanotechnology Reviews, 3(6), 579-589. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2014-0018
Sasidharan, S., Chen, Y., Saravanan, D., Sundram, K. M., & Yoga Latha, L. (2011). Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. African Journal of Tradititional Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 8(1), 1-10.
Shafiei, S. S., Solati-Hashjin, M., Samadikuchaksaraei, A., Kalantarinejad, R., Asadi-Eydivand, M., & Osman, N. A. A. (2015). Epigallocatechin gallate/layered double hydroxide nanohybrids: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro anti-tumor study. PLoS One, 10(8), Article e136530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136530
Srichayanurak, C., & Phadungkit, M. (2008). Antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of selected thai herbal extracts. KKU Research Journal, 13(6), 673-676.
Subasini, U., Thenmozhi, S., Venkateswaran, V., Pavani, P., Diwedi, S., & Rajamanickam, G. V. (2014). Phytochemical analysis and anti hyperlipidemic activity of nelumbo nucifera in male wistar rats. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching and Practices, 5(1), 935-940.
Tang, L. P., Cheng, H. M., Cui, S. M., Wang, X. R., Song, L. Y., Zhou, W., & Li, S. J. (2018). DL-mandelic acid intercalated Zn-Al layered double hydroxide: A novel antimicrobial layered material. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 165, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.017
Tettey, C. O., Nagajyothi, P. C., Lee, S. E., Ocloo, A., Minh An, T. N., Sreekanth, T. V. M., & Lee, K. D. (2012). Anti-melanoma, tyrosinase inhibitory and anti-microbial activities of gold nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous leaf extracts of Teraxacum officinale.
International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 34(2), 150-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00694.x
Tringali, C. (2001). Bioactive compounds from natural sources. Taylor & Francis.
Venier. (2015). Enzyme analysis using tyrosinase. In Venier (Ed.), Advanced biology with Venier (2nd ed., pp. 283-290). Vernier software and technology.
Wu, J., Xu, J. G., Fu, J. P., Xiong, W., Zhang, S. W., Gu, Z., Wu, L., & Hu, J. W. (2019). Characterization of tyrosinase inhibitors from white lotus receptacle. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 55(5), 929-931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-019-02849-7