Morphological Variability, Seed Germination and Vulnerability in Sapote (Colicodendron scabridum [Kunth] Seem.)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The “sapote” Colicodendrum scabridum (Kunth) Seem. is an emblematic coastal species in the seasonally dry tropical forest; however, it is highly vulnerable due to indiscriminate logging and habitat destruction resulting from agro-industrial expansion. This study aimed to characterize specially the morphological variability of fruits and seeds, evaluate seed germination percentage, and analyze the vulnerability status of C. scabridum collected from a 60-hectare area in the Salas District (Lambayeque, Peru). We collected fruits, seeds, and leaves from 12 accessions and assessed their morphological traits. The analysis revealed significant variations in fruit size and shape, leaf dimensions, fruit weight, and seed count. Additionally, germination rates exhibited considerable variability among the fruit samples. The species' vulnerability is underscored by the ongoing destruction of its natural habitat. This study highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts by rural communities, government and academic authorities.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Abreu-Naranjo, R., Ramírez-Huila, W. N., Mera, J. J. R., Banguera, D. V., & León-Camacho, M. (2020). Physical-chemical characterization of Capparis scabrida seed oil and pulp, a potential source of eicosapentaenoic acid. Food Bioscience, 36, Article 100624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100624
Annaz, H., Sane, Y., Bitchagno, G. T. M., Bakrim, W. B., Drissi, B., Mahdi, I., El Bouhssini, M., & Sobeh, M. (2022). Caper (Capparis spinosa L.): An updated review on its phytochemistry, nutritional value, traditional uses, and therapeutic potential. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, Article 878749. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.878749
Bussmann, R. W. & Sharon, D. (2007). Plants of the four winds. The magic and medicinal flora of Peru. Editorial Grafıcart.
Chedraoui, S., Abi-Rizk, A., El-Beyrouthy, M., Chalak, L., Ouaini, N. & Rajjou, L. (2017). Capparis spinosa L. in a systematic review: A xerophilous species of multi values and promising potentialities for agrosystems under the threat of global warming. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, Article 1845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01845
Cornejo, X. & Iltis, H. H. (2008). A revision of Colicodendron (Capparaceae). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 2(1), 75-93.
Cossíos, E. D. (2006). Dispersión y variación de la capacidad de germinación de semillas ingeridas por el zorro costeño (Lycalopex sechurae) en el Santuario Histórico Bosque Pómac, Lambayeque. [Master dissertation, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos]. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Repositorio Institucional. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1578
Erdtman, G. (1952). Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy-angiosperms. Almqvist and Wiksell.
FAO. (2007). State of the world’s forest 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Ferreyra, R. (1986). Flora del Perú. Dicotiledóneas. Editorial Imprenta Sudamérica.
Font Quer, P. (1985). Diccionario de botánica. Peninsula.
Fici, S. (2014). A taxonomic revision of the Capparis spinosa group (Capparaceae) from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. Phytotaxa, 174(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.174.1.1
Franceschini, M. C. & Tressens, S. G. (2004). Morphology of fruits, seeds and embryos of Argentinian Capparis L. (Capparaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 145(2), 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00279.x
Guzmán, I. & Testaseca, T. (1986). Las fitohormonas en la propagación por estacas del zapote (Capparis angulata Ruiz & Pav.). Avance preliminar de enraizamiento. Piura- Perú.
Herrera, E. L., Feijoo, C. Y., Alfaro, R., Solís, J. L., Gómez, M. M., Keiski, R. L., & Cruz, G. J. F. (2018). Producción de biocarbón a partir de biomasa residual y su uso en la germinación y crecimiento en vivero de Capparis scabrida (Sapote).[ Biochar based on residual biomasses and its influence over seedling emergence and growth in vivarium of Capparis scabrida (Sapote)]. Scientia Agropecuaria, 9(4), 569-577. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2018.04.13
Herz, K. (2007). Análisis físico-químico de la goma exudada de la especie sapote (Capparis scabrida H.B.K.), proveniente de los bosques secos de Lambayeque. [Bachelor dissertation, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina] Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Repositorio Institucional. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12996/403
Kyene, M. O., Archer, M. A., Mintah, S. O., Adjei, P. A., Yeboah, G., Kumadoh, D., & Appiah, A. A. (2022). Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Capparis erythrocarpos Isert.: A review. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 61(1), 196-211.
Linares-Palomino, R., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Marcelo-Peña, J.L., Padrón, E., La Torre-Cuadros, M.A., Roncal-Rabanal, M., Choquecota, N., Collazos, L., Elejalde, R., & Vergara, N. (2022). Los bosques estacionalmente secos del Perú: un re-análisis de sus patrones de diversidad y relaciones florísticas. [The seasonally dry forests of Peru: a re-analysis of their diversity patterns and floristic relationships]. Revista Peruana de Biología, 29(4), Article e21613. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v29i4.21613
Macbride, J. F. (1938). Capparidaceae, Flora of Peru. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Botanical Series, 13(Part 2/3), 984-1006.
Mejía, F., Medina, D., & Mostacero, J., 1991. “Sapote” prodigioso recurso de la costa norte del Perú. [“Sapote” wonderful resort on the north coast of Peru]. Boletín de Lima, 13(73), 43-56.
Mendoza, Z. H. A. (2012). Especies forestales de los bosques secos del Ecuador: Guía dendrológica. Ministerio del Ambiente.
Nazar, S., Hussain, M. A., Khan, A., Muhammad, G., & Tahir, M. N. (2022). Capparis decidua Edgew (Forssk.): A comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and nutrapharmaceutical potential. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(1), 1901-1916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.02.007
Paredes, C. (1993). Estudio de diecisiete especies forestales nativas para fijación de dunas. CONCYTEC.
Pascual, B., Bautista, A. S., López-Galarza, S., Alagarda, J., & Maroto, J. V. (2008). Intact fruit of caper (Capparis spinosa) is an improved seed propagation method. Acta Horticulturae, 782, 107-114. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.782.10
Pennington, T. D., Reynel, C., & Daza, A. (2004). Illustraded guide to the trees of Peru. D. Hunt. R Core Team (2023, February 5). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Ramezani-Gask, M., Bahrani, M. J., Shekafandeh, A., Salehi, H., Taghvaei, M., & Al-Ahmadi, M. J. (2008). A comparison of different propagation methods of common caper-bush (Capparis spinosa L.) as a new horticultural crop. International Journal of Plant Development Biology, 2(2), 106-110.
Rodríguez, E. F., Bussmann, R. W., Alfaro, S. J. A., Medina, S. E. L., & Rosario, J. B. (2007). Capparis scabrida (Capparaceae) una especie del Perú y Ecuador que necesita planes de conservación urgente. [Capparis scabrida (Capparaceae) a species from Peru and Ecuador in urgent need of conservation plans]. Arnaldoa, 14(2), 269-282.
Salazar, J. (2014). Caracterización físico química de la semilla de sapote Capparis scabrida H.B.K. de la zona Motupe-Lambayeque. [Bachelor dissertation, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Repositorio Institucional. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12996/2343
Sottile, F., Guiggioli, N. R., Marioni, D. T., Peano, C., & Del Signore, M. B. (2020). Selection and micropropagation of valuable caper genotypes. Horticultural Science, 47(2), 110-116. https://doi.org/10.17221/40/2019-HORTSCI
Tafur, C. A. M., Estraver, W. Z., Robelledo, M. E. S., & Ruíz, C. M. R. (2021). Red trófica asociada al sapote (Colicodendron scabridum) en el área de Conservación Privada Lomas del Cerro Campana, La Libertad, Perú. [Food web associated to the sapote tree (Colicodendron scabridum) at Lomas del Cerro Campana Private Conservation Area, La Libertad, Peru]. Revista de Investigación Científica REBIOL, 41(1), 35-48.
Torrecilla, P., Castro, M., & Lapp, M. (2009). Morfoanatomía foliar en especímenes de Capparis flexuosa (L.) L. (Capparaceae) creciendo en tres localidades distintas del estado Aragua (Venezuela). Ernstia, 19(1), 35-54.
Varillas, C. J. (2023). Caracterización tecno-funcional de la goma de sapote (Capparis scabrida). [Bachelor dissertation, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Repositorio Institucional. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12996/6204
Yang, Y., Lin, Y., & Shi, L. (2021). The effect of lizards on the dispersal and germination of Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae). PLoS ONE, 16(2), Article e0247585. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247585
Zhang, H., & Ma, Z. F. (2018). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Capparis spinosa as a medicinal plant. Nutrients, 10(2), Article 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020116
