Interconnections of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Health: Insights from Recent Research on Periodontal Diseases
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This review explores the intricate relationships between oral microbiota, periodontal diseases, and systemic health. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in the oral microbiome can significantly impact systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia are frequently implicated in these associations, contributing to systemic inflammation and disease progression. The review also examines how behavioral factors, particularly smoking and dietary habits, influence the composition of the oral microbiome and exacerbate periodontal conditions. Technological advancements in diagnostic methods, including multiplex real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing, have enhanced our understanding of microbial dysbiosis and its implications for disease severity. Furthermore, innovative therapeutic strategies such as Oral Microbial Transplantation (OMT) are being investigated to improve oral health outcomes. By elucidating these complex interactions, this review aims to inform healthcare professionals on effective strategies for the prevention and management of both periodontal diseases and their systemic implications.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Al Kawas, S., Al-Marzooq, F., Rahman, B., Shearston, J. A., Saad, H., Benzina, D., & Weitzman, M. (2021). The impact of smoking different tobacco types on the subgingival microbiome and periodontal health: A pilot study. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 1113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80937-3
Almutairy, B. (2024). Extensively and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains: Case studies of antibiotics resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, Article 1381511. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1381511
Alwithanani, N. (2023). Periodontal disease and smoking: Systematic review. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 15(Suppl 1), S64-S71. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_516_22
Baker, J. L., Mark Welch, J. L., Kauffman, K. M., McLean, J. S., & He, X. (2024). The oral microbiome: Diversity, biogeography and human health. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 22(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00963-6
Beklen, A., Sali, N., & Yavuz, M. B. (2022). The impact of smoking on periodontal status and dental caries. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 20, Article 72. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/152112
Chen, X., Sun, B., Li, L., Sun, Z., Zhu, X., Zhong, X., & Xu, Y. (2022a). The oral microbiome analysis reveals the similarities and differences between periodontitis and Crohn’s disease-associated periodontitis. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 369(1), Article fnac054. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnac054
Chen, Q., Zhang, Z., Bei, S., Wang, X., & Zhu, Y. (2022b). Efficacy of oral fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent bowel disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 101(47), Article e31477. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000031477
Chen, X., Zeng, Z., & Xiao, L. (2024). The association between periodontitis and hepatitis virus infection: A cross-sectional study utilizing data from the NHANES database (2003–2018). Public Health, 226, 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.11.005
Choi, J. U., Lee, J.-B., Kim, K.-H., Kim, S., Seol, Y.-J., Lee, Y.-M., & Rhyu, I.-C. (2020). Comparison of periodontopathic bacterial profiles of different periodontal disease severity using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Diagnostics, 10(11), Article 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110965
D'Ambrosio, F., Santella, B., Di Palo, M. P., Giordano, F., & Lo Giudice, R. (2023). Characterization of the oral microbiome in wearers of fixed and removable implant or non-implant-supported prostheses in healthy and pathological oral conditions: A narrative review. Microorganisms, 11(4), Article 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041041
Didilescu, A. C., Chinthamani, S., Scannapieco, F. A., & Sharma, A. (2024). NLRP3 inflammasome activity and periodontal disease pathogenesis–A bidirectional relationship. Oral Diseases, 30(7), 4069-4077. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.15005
Elzayat, H., Mesto, G., & Al-Marzooq, F. (2023). Unraveling the impact of gut and oral microbiome on gut health in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutrients, 15(15), Article 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153377
Emery, D. C., Cerajewska, T. L., Seong, J., Davies, M., Paterson, A., Allen-Birt, S. J., & West, N. X. (2021). Comparison of blood bacterial communities in periodontal health and periodontal disease. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10, Article 577485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.577485
Gardelis, P., Zekeridou, A., Suh, N., Le Terrier, C., Stavropoulos, A., & Giannopoulou, C. (2022). A pilot clinical and radiographic study on the association between periodontitis and serious COVID-19 infection. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 8(5), 1021-1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.610
Georges, F. M., Do, N. T., & Seleem, D. (2022). Oral dysbiosis and systemic diseases. Frontiers in Dental Medicine, 3, Article 995423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2022.995423
Ghaffarpour, M., Karami-Zarandi, M., Ali Rahdar, H., Feyisa, S. G., & Taki, E. (2024). Periodontal disease in Down syndrome: Predisposing factors and potential non-surgical therapeutic approaches. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 38, Article e25002. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.25002
Goel, K., Sharma, S., Baral, D. D., & Agrawal, S. K. (2021). Current status of periodontitis and its association with tobacco use amongst the adult population of Sunsari district, in Nepal. BMC Oral Health, 21, Article 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01416-3
Graves, D. T., Corrêa, J. D., & Silva, T. A. (2019). The oral microbiota is modified by systemic diseases. Journal of Dental Research, 98(2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034518805739
Hajishengallis, G. (2022). Interconnection of periodontal disease and comorbidities: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications. Periodontology 2000, 89(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12430
Hanioka, T., Morita, M., Yamamoto, T., Inagaki, K., Wang, P.-L., Ito, H., Morozumi, T., Takeshita, T., Suzuki, N., Shigeishi, H., Sugiyama, M., Ohta, K., Nagaoka, T., Hanada, N., Ojima, M., & Ogawa, H. (2019). Smoking and periodontal microorganisms. Japanese Dental Science Review, 55(1), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.03.002
Irie, K., Azuma, T., Tomofuji, T., & Yamamoto, T. (2023). Exploring the role of IL-17A in oral dysbiosis-associated periodontitis and its correlation with systemic inflammatory disease. Dentistry Journal, 11(8), Article 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11080194
Jiang, Y., Zhou, X., Cheng, L., & Li, M. (2020). The impact of smoking on subgingival microflora: From periodontal health to disease. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, Article 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00066
Kozak, M., & Pawlik, A. (2023). The role of the oral microbiome in the development of diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6), Article 5231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065231
Lam, P. P. Y., Zhou, N., Wong, H. M., & Yiu, C. K. Y. (2022). Oral health status of children and adolescents living with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), Article 12864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912864
Liu, X., Tian, K., Ma, X., Wang, S., Luo, C., & Du, Q. (2020). Analysis of subgingival microbiome of periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese: A case-control study. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(6), 1835-1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.040
Lochman, J., Zapletalova, M., Poskerova, H., Holla, L. I., & Linhartova, P. B. (2020). Rapid multiplex real-time PCR method for the detection and quantification of selected cariogenic and periodontal bacteria. Diagnostics, 10(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10010008
Matsha, T. E., Prince, Y., Davids, S., Chikte, U., Erasmus, R. T., Kengne, A. P., & Davison, G. M. (2020). Oral microbiome signatures in diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. Journal of Dental Research, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520913818
Mikami, R., Mizutani, K., & Aoyama, N. (2023). Income-related inequalities in the association of smoking with periodontitis: A cross-sectional analysis in Tokyo Metropolitan Districts. Clinical Oral Investigations, 27, 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04747-9
Moreno, C. M., Boeree, E., Freitas, C. M. T., & Weber, K. S. (2023). Immunomodulatory role of oral microbiota in inflammatory diseases and allergic conditions. Frontiers in Allergy, 4, Article 1067483. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1067483
Mulders, G., van Verseveld, H., van der Geer, J., Wolvius, E., & Leebeek, F. (2023). The state of oral health in patients with haemophilia in the Netherlands. Haemophilia, 29(3), 466-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.14719
Naginyte, M., Do, T., Meade, J., Devine, D. A., & Marsh, P. D. (2019). Enrichment of periodontal pathogens from the biofilms of healthy adults. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 5491. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41882-y
Nath, S., Zilm, P., Jamieson, L., Kapellas, K., Goswami, N., Ketagoda, K., & Weyrich, L. S. (2021). Development and characterization of an oral microbiome transplant among Australians for the treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease: A study protocol. PLoS ONE, 16(11), Article e0260433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260433
Nozawa, A., Oshima, H., Togawa, N., Nozaki, T., & Murakami, S. (2020). Development of oral care chip, a novel device for quantitative detection of the oral microbiota associated with periodontal disease. PLoS ONE, 15(2), Article e0229485. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229485
Paule, A., Frezza, D., & Edeas, M. (2018). Microbiota and phage therapy: Future challenges in medicine. Medical Sciences, 6(4), Article 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci6040086
Peng, X., Cheng, L., You, Y., Tang, C., Ren, B., Li, Y., Xu, X., & Zhou, X. (2022). Oral microbiota in human systemic diseases. International Journal of Oral Science, 14, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-022-00163-7
Peric, T., Campus, G., Markovic, E., Petrovic, B., Soldatovic, I., Vukovic, A., Kilibarda, B., Vulovic, J., Markovic, J., & Markovic, D. (2022). Oral health in 12- and 15-year-old children in Serbia: A national pathfinder study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), Article 12269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912269
Pisano, M., Giordano, F., Sangiovanni, G., Capuano, N., Acerra, A., & D’Ambrosio, F. (2023). The interaction between the oral microbiome and systemic diseases: A narrative review. Microbiological Research, 14, 1862-1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040127
Plemmenos, G., & Piperi, C. (2022). Pathogenic molecular mechanisms in periodontitis and peri-implantitis: Role of advanced glycation end products. Life, 12(2), Article 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020218
Prince, Y., Davison, G. M., Davids, S. F. G., Erasmus, R. T., Kengne, A. P., Raghubeer, S., & Matsha, T. E. (2024). The effect of cigarette smoking on the oral microbiota in a South African population using subgingival plaque samples. Heliyon, 10(10), Article e31559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31559
Rad, S. A. B., Esteves-Oliveira, M., Maklennan, A., Douglas, G. V. A., Castiglia, P., & Campus, G. (2024). Oral health inequalities in immigrant populations worldwide: a scoping review of dental caries and periodontal disease prevalence. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 1968. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19354-4
Santonocito, S., Giudice, A., Polizzi, A., Troiano, G., Merlo, E. M., Sclafani, R., Grosso, G., & Isola, G. (2022). A cross-talk between diet and the oral microbiome: Balance of nutrition on inflammation and immune system's response during periodontitis. Nutrients, 14(12), Article 2426. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122426
Schulz, S., Porsch, M., Grosse, I., Hoffmann, K., Schaller, H.-G., & Reichert, S. (2019). Comparison of the oral microbiome of patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis and periodontitis-free subjects. Archives of Oral Biology, 99, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.01.015
Sisk-Hackworth, L., Ortiz-Velez, A., Reed, M. B., & Kelley, S. T. (2021). Compositional data analysis of periodontal disease microbial communities. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 617949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.617949
Soldati, K. R., Gutierrez, L. S., Anovazzi, G., Scarel-Caminaga, R. M., & Zandim-Barcelos, D. L. (2022). Impact of smoking on protein levels of beta-defensins in periodontal disease. Brazilian Dental Journal, 33(4), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202204685
Stein, C., Cunha-Cruz, J., & Hugo, F. N. (2021). Is dietary pattern a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and dental caries? Clinical Oral Investigations, 25(12), 5441-5447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03852-5
Tailor, R., Medara, N., Chopra, A., Swarnamali, H., Eberhard, J., & Jayasinghe, T. N. (2023). Role of prebiotic dietary fiber in periodontal disease: A systematic review of animal studies. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, Article 1130153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1130153
Takahashi, N. (2015). Oral microbiome metabolism: From “Who are they?” to “What are they doing?”. Journal of Dental Research, 94(12), 1628-1637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515606045
Urban-Chmiel, R., Marek, A., Stępień-Pyśniak, D., Wieczorek, K., Dec, M., Nowaczek, A., & Osek, J. (2022). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria—A review. Antibiotics, 11, Article 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081079
Varoni, E. M., & Rimondini, L. (2022). Oral microbiome, oral health and systemic health: A multidirectional link. Biomedicines, 10(1), Article 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010186
Vlachou, S., Loumé, A., Giannopoulou, C., Papathanasiou, E., & Zekeridou, A. (2024). Investigating the interplay: Periodontal disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus—A comprehensive review of clinical studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25, Article 7299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137299
Walther, C., Spinler, K., Borof, K., Kofahl, C., Heydecke, G., Seedorf, U., Beikler, T., Terschüren, C., Hajek, A., & Aarabi, G. (2022). Evidence from the Hamburg City Health Study - Association between education and periodontitis. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Article 1662. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14096-7
Yadalam, P. K., Kalaivani, V., Fageeh, H. I., Ibraheem, W., Al-Ahmari, M. M., Khan, S. S., Ahmed, Z. H., Abdulkarim, H. H., Baeshen, H. A., Balaji, T. M., Bhandi, S., Raj, A. T., & Patil, S. (2022). Future drug targets in periodontal personalised medicine—A narrative review. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(3), Article 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12030371
Yamazaki, K. (2023). Oral-gut axis as a novel biological mechanism linking periodontal disease and systemic diseases: A review. Japanese Dental Science Review, 59, 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.08.003
Zhang, Y., Qi, Y., Lo, E. C. M., McGrath, C., Mei, M. L., & Dai, R. (2021). Using next-generation sequencing to detect oral microbiome change following periodontal interventions: A systematic review. Oral Diseases, 27(5), 1073-1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13405
