Effect of Gradual Weaning on Survival and Growth of Channa striata (Channidae) Larvae under Different Feeding Regimes
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study evaluated weaning methods for Channa striata larvae using a three-phase feeding trial with four treatments that included T1 (control), T2 (100% Artemia), T3 (100% fish paste), and T4 (50% formulated feed + 50% Artemia). In Phase I (Days 1-15), larvae were fed the respective treatments, followed by a gradual transition to formulated feed in Phase II (Days 16-30). By Phase III (Days 31-45), all groups received 100% formulated feed. Initial average length and weight were 3.26±0.23 cm and 0.56±0.07 g, respectively. Upon completion of the experiment, T2 had the highest final survival rate (89%), with T2 and T3 showing significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR). A strong positive correlation between dissolved oxygen and final weight (r = 0.85) highlighted the importance of oxygen for growth, while elevated ammonia concentrations negatively impacted growth (r = -0.98). The findings suggest that C. striata larvae can be effectively weaned to formulated feed either through initial exclusively live feeding followed by gradual transition or by using a combination of live and formulated feed from the beginning, both leading to enhanced survival and growth performance.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Akbary, P., Hosseini, S. A., Imanpoor, M., Sudagar, M., &Makhdomi, N. M. (2010). Comparison between live food and artificial diet on survival rate, growth and body chemical composition of Oncorhynchus mykiss larvae. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 9(1), 19-32.
Aliyu‐Paiko, M., Hashim, R., & Shu‐Chien, A. C. (2010). Influence of dietary lipid/protein ratio on survival, growth, body indices and digestive lipase activity in Snakehead (Channa striatus, Bloch 1793) fry reared in re‐circulating water system. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16(5), 466-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00683.x
APHA, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. American Public Health Association.
Azim, M.E., & Little, D.C. (2008). The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture,283, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.036
Baras, E., & Jobling, M. (2002). Dynamics of intracohort cannibalism in cultured fish. Aquaculture Research, 33, 461-479. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00732.x
Blair, T., Castell, J., Neil, S., D’Abramo, L., Cahu, C., Harmon, P., & Ogunmoye, K. (2003). Evaluation of microdiets versus live feeds on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of larval haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Aquaculture, 225(1-4), 451-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00309-0
Boyd, C.E. (1990). Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University.
Boyd, C.E., & Tucker, C.S. (1998). Pond aquaculture water quality management. Springer Science & Business Media.
Boyd, C.E., & Tucker, C.S. (2012). Pond aquaculture water quality management. Springer Science & Business Media.
Buentello, J.A., Gatlin, D.M., & Neill, W.H. (2000). Effects of water temperature and dissolved oxygen on daily feed consumption, feed utilization and growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture, 182, 339-352.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00274-4
Cahu, C.L., & Infante, J.L. (2001). Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 200, 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00699-8
Campton, D. E., & Busack, C. A. (1989). Simple procedure for decapsulating and hatching cysts of brine shrimp (Artemia spp.). The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 51(3), 176-179. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1989)051<0176:SPFDAH>2.3.CO;2
Ciji, A., & Akhtar, M. S. (2021). Stress management in aquaculture: A review of dietary interventions. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13(4), 2190-2247. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12565
Courtenay, W.R., & Williams, J.D. (2004). Snakeheads (Pisces, Channidae): A biological synopsis and risk assessment (USGS Circular No. 1251). U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1251
Das, P., Mandal, S. C., Bhagabati, S. K., Akhtar, M. S., & Singh, S. K. (2014). Important live food organisms and their role in aquaculture. In J. K. Sundaray, M. Sukham, R. K. Mohanty, & S. K. Otta (Eds.). Frontiers in aquaculture (pp 69-86). Narendra Publishing House. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21105.07523
Dhert, P., Rombaut, G., Suantika, G., & Sorgeloos, P. (2001). Advancement of rotifer cultureand manipulation techniques in Europe. Aquaculture, 200(1-2),129-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00697-4
Do, T. T. H., Nguyen, T. K. H., Nguyen, T. E., Tang, M. K., Yasuaki, T., & Nguyen, T. P. (2021). Effects of temperature on growth performance, survival rate, digestive enzyme activities and physiological parameters of striped snakehead (Channastriata) at fry stage. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 13(Special issue: Aquaculture and Fisheries), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2021.012
Gisbert, E., & Williot, P. (2002). Advances in the larval rearing of Siberian sturgeon. Journal of Fish Biology, 60(5), 1071-1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01705.x
Hamre, K., Yúfera, M., Rønnestad, I., Boglione, C., Conceição, L.E.C., & Izquierdo, M. (2013). Fish larval nutrition and feed formulation: Knowledge gaps and bottlenecks for advances in larval rearing. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5, S26-S58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01086.x
Hieu, T. K., Van, V. T. T., Thien, P. C., & Diep, D. X. (2022). Effects of different stocking densities on growth and survival rate of Dau Nhim snakehead (Channa sp.) fingerlings. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation and Legislation Bioflux, 15(3), 1124-1132.
Hlaváč, D., Adámek, Z., Hartman, P., & Másílko, J. (2014). Effects of supplementary feeding in carp ponds on discharge water quality: A review. Aquaculture International, 22(1), 299-320.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-013-9718-6
Hunter, J. D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in Science and Engineering, 9, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55
Joshua, W.J., Kamarudin, M.S., Ikhsan, N., Yusoff, F. M., & Zulperi, Z. (2022). Development of enriched Artemia and Moina in larviculture of fish and crustaceans: a review. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 50(2), 144-157. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol50-issue2-fulltext-2840
Kalaiselvan, P., Ranjan, A., Nazir, M. I., Suresh, E., Thangarani, A. J., & Malarvizhi, K. (2024). Effect of different early weaning diets on survival, growth, and digestive ontogeny of Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) larvae. Animals, 14(19), Article 2838. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192838
Kolkovski, S. (2001). Digestive enzymes in fish larvae and juveniles—implications and applications to formulated diets. Aquaculture, 200, 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00700-1
Kubitza, F., & Lovshin, L.L. (1999). Formulated diets, feeding strategies and cannibalism control during intensive culture of juvenile carnivorous fishes. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 7(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641269991319171
Kumar, D., Marimuthu, K., Haniffa, M. A., & Sethuramalingam, T. A. (2008). Effect of different live feed on growth and survival of striped murrel Channa striatus larvae. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 25(2), 105-110.
Le Ruyet, J. P., Alexandre, J. C., Thébaud, L., & Mugnier, C. (1993). Marine fish larvae feeding: Formulated diets or live prey? Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 24(2), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00010.x
Léger, P., Bengtson, D. A., Sorgeloos, P., Simpson, K. L., & Beck, A. D. (1987). The nutritional value of Artemia: A review. In P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengtson, W. Decleir, & E. Jaspers (eds.). Artemia Research and its Applications Vol 3 (pp 357-372).Universa Press.
Marimuthu, K., &Haniffa, M. A. (2007). Embryonic and larval development of the striped snakehead Channa striatus. Taiwania, 52(1), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2007.52(1).84
Marimuthu, K., Kumar, D., &Haniffa, M. A. (2007). Induced spawning of striped snakehead, Channa striatus, using Ovatide. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 19(4), 95-103.https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v19n04_06
Mollah, M. F. A., Mamun, M. S. A., Sarowar, M. N., & Roy, A. (2009). Effects of stocking density on the growth and breeding performance of broodfish and larval growth and survival of shol, Channa striatus (Bloch). Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 7(2), 427-432.https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4756
Morais, S., Conceição, L. E., Dinis, M. T., & Rønnestad, I. (2004). A method for radiolabeling Artemia with applications in studies of food intake, digestibility, protein and amino acid metabolism in larval fish. Aquaculture, 231(1-4), 469-487.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.09.005
Pearson, K. (1894). II. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. II. Skew variation in homogeneous material. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 57(340-346), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0147
Qin, J., & Fast, A. W. (1996). Effects of feed application rates on growth, survival, and feed conversion of juvenile snakehead Channa striatus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27(1), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00593.x
Qin, J., & Fast, A. W. (1997). Food selection and growth of young snakehead Channa striatus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 13(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1997.tb00093.x
Randall, D. J., & Tsui, T. K. N. (2002). Ammonia toxicity in fish.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00227-8
Roy, P., Chandan, C. S. S., Roy, N. C. & Islam, I. (2020). Feed types affect the growth, survival and cannibalism in early juvenile of striped snakehead (Channa striata Bloch.). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 46(4), 377-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2020.08.009
Sales, J. (2011). First feeding of freshwater fish larvae with live feed versus compound diets: A meta-analysis. Aquaculture International, 19(6), 1217-1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-011-9424-1
Salze, G. P., & Davis, D. A. (2015). Taurine: A critical nutrient for future fish feeds. Aquaculture, 437, 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.006
Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52, 591-611. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591
Shiwanand, A., & Tripathi, G. (2013). A review on ammonia toxicity in fish. Asia Pacific Journal of Life Sciences, 7(2), 193-232.
Sorgeloos, P., Dhert, P., & Candreva, P. (2001). Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture, 200(1-2), 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00698-6
Teshima, S.-I., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Alam, M. S., & Hernandez, L. H. H. (2004). Effects of protein and lipid sources on the growth and survival of red sea bream Pagrus major and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus receiving micro‐bound diets during larval and early juvenile stage. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10(4), 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00303.x
Tukey, J. W. (1953). The Problem of Multiple Comparisons. Chapman & Hall.
Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S. J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K. J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A. R. J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E.,... van Mulbregt, P. (2020).
SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods, 17(3), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2
Zhou, X., Wang, J., Huang, L., Li, D., & Duan, Q. (2022). Modelling and controlling dissolved oxygen in recirculating aquaculture systems based on mechanism analysis and an adaptive PID controller. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 192, Article 106583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106583
