Phytoremediation: Stratagem Against Heavy Metal Contamination
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The concentration of heavy metals in soil has significantly risen due to a number of natural and anthropogenic processes. Heavy metals are indigestible by plants, persisting in the environment, can enter the diet through agricultural crops, and ultimately accumulate in the human body through biomagnification. Additionally, their toxic properties have caused a serious problem for both human well-being and the biosphere. This makes remediation of contaminated soil a vital issue. Serious drawbacks to many physical and chemical techniques employed in remediation include high cost, labor-intensive nature, change in soil qualities, and disruption of the soil's natural microbiota. Phytoremediation is a practical and ecologically favorable mitigation solution for the cost-effective revegetation of heavy metal-polluted soil. It involves reducing the negative impacts or levels of contaminants in the environment by utilizing plants and associated soil microbes. Furthermore, genetically engineered plants or microbes are used in combination with plants to enhance their capacity for phytoremediation. To increase efficiency, it is important to know the underlying mechanism behind the buildup of heavy metals and plant tolerance. In this review, we have tried to discuss the ways in which plants absorb, move, and eliminate heavy metals from the environment. We have attempted to focus on techniques that improve the efficiency of phytoremediation solutions aided by genetic engineering and microbes.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement
The copyright of this article is transferred to Current Applied Science and Technology journal with effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
Here is the link for download: Copyright transfer form.pdf
References
Adeoye, A. O., Adebayo, I. A., Afodun, A. M., & Ajijolakewu, K. A. (2022). Benefits and limitations of phytoremediation: Heavy metal remediation review. In R. A. Bhat, F. M. P. Tonelli, G. H. Da, & K. Hakeem (Eds.). Phytoremediation: Biotechnological Strategies for Promoting Invigorating Environs (pp. 227-238). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-03410-9
Ahmad, I., Alserae, H., Zhu, B., Zahoor, A., Farooqi, Z. U. R., Mihoub, A., Ain, Q. U. & Radicetti, E., (2024). Phytoremediation of cadmium: A review. In A. K. Jha, & N. Kumar (Eds.). Cadmium toxicity in water: Challenges and solutions (pp. 75-99). Springer water Book series. Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54005-9_5.
Ali, G., Khan, H., & Sajad, E. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals-concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91(7), 869-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075
Alloway, B. J. (2013). Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. In B. Alloway (Ed.). Heavy metals in soils. Environmental pollution, Vol 22 (pp. 11-50). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7_2
Bani, A., Plavlova, G., & Morel, J. L. (2010). Nickel hyperaccumulation by the species of Alyssum and Thlaspi (Brassicaceae) from the ultramafic soils of the Balkans. Botanica Serbica, 34, 3-14.
Bashri, G., & Prasad, S. M. (2016). Exogenous IAA differentially affects growth, oxidative stress and antioxidants system in Cd stressed Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seedlings: Toxicity alleviation by up-regulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 132, 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.015
Bhunia, P. (2017). Environmental toxicants and hazardous contaminants: Recent advances in technologies for sustainable development. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste, 21(4), Article 02017001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000366
Bolan, N. S., Park, J. H., Robinson, B., Naidu, R., & Huh, K. Y. (2011). Phytostabilization: a green approach to contaminant. In D.L. Sparks (Ed.). Advances in agronomy (pp. 145-204). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385538-1.00004-4
Cao, J., Ji, D., & Wang, C. (2015). Interaction between earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the degradation of oxytetracycline in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 90, 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.020
Cao, F., Dai, H., Hao, P. F., & Wu, F. (2020). Silicon regulates the expression of vacuolar H (+)-pyrophosphatase 1 and decreases cadmium accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L). Chemosphere, 240, Article 124907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124907
Chaney, R. L., Broadhurst, C. L., & Centofanti, T. (2010). Phytoremediation of soil trace elements. In P. S. Hooda (Ed.). Trace elements in soils (pp. 311-352). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319477.ch14
Chen, L., Luo, S., Li, X., Wan, Y., Chen, J., & Liu, C. (2014). Interaction of Cd- hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and functional endophyte Pseudomonas sp. Lk9 on soil heavy metals uptake. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 68, 300-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.021
Cunningham, S. D., & Ow, D. W. (1996). Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiology, 110(3), 715-719. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.3.715
Dalvi, A. A., & Bhalerao, S. A. (2013). Response of plants towards heavy metal toxicity: An overview of avoidance, tolerance and uptake mechanism. Annals of Plant Sciences, 2(9), 362-368.
Das, K. K., Das, S. N., & Dhundasi, S. A. (2008). Nickel, its adverse health effects & oxidative stress. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 128(4), 412-425. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19106437.
Das, N., Bhattacharya, S., & Maiti, M. K. (2016). Enhanced cadmium accumulation and tolerance in transgenic tobacco overexpressing rice metal tolerance protein gene OsMTP1 is promising for phytoremediation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 105, 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.049
Dhalaria, R., Kumar, D., Kumar, H., Nepovimova, E., Kuča, K., Islam, M., & Verma, R. (2020). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as potential agents in ameliorating heavy metal stress in plants. Agronomy, 10(6), Article 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060815
Eapen, S., & D’Souza, S. F. (2005). Prospects of genetic engineering of plants for phytoremediation of toxic metals. Biotechnology Advances, 23(2), 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.10.001
Epelde, L., Becerril, J. M., Mijangos, I., & Garbisu, C. (2009). Evaluation of the efficiency of a phytostabilization process with biological indicators of soil health. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38(5), 2041-2049. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0006
Ernst, W. H. O., Verkleij, J. A. C., & Schat, H. (1992). Metal tolerance in plants. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 41(3), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1992.tb01332.x
Fattahi, B., Arzani, K., Souri, M.K. & Barzegar, M. (2021). Morphological and phytochemical responses to cadmium and lead stress in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 171(1), Article 113979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113979
Flathman, P. E., & Lanza, G. R. (1998). Phytoremediation: Current views on an emerging green technology. Journal of Soil Contamination, 7(4), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334438
Garbisu, C., & Alkorta, I. (2001). Phytoextraction: A cost-effective plant-based technology for the removal of metals from the environment. Bioresource Technology, 77(3), 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00108-5
Ghosh, M., & Singh, S. P. (2005). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its byproducts. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/0301_001018
Gisbert, C., Ros, R., De Haro, A., Walker, D. J., Bernal, P., Serrano, M., & Navarro- Aviñó, R. (2003). A plant genetically modified that accumulates Pb is especially promising for phytoremediation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 303(2), 440-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00349-8
Gupta, D. K., Vandenhove, H., & Inouhe, M. (2013). Role of phytochelatins in heavy metal stress and detoxification mechanisms in plants. In D. Gupta, F. Corpas & J. Palma (Eds.). Heavy Metal Stress in Plants (pp. 73-94). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38469-1_4
Gustin, J. L., Loureiro, M. E., Kim, D., Na, G., Tikhonova, M., & Salt, D. E. (2009). MTP1- dependent Zn sequestration into shoot vacuoles suggests dual roles in Zn tolerance and accumulation in Zn-hyperaccumulating plants. The Plant Journal, 57, 1116-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03754.x
Hall, J. L. (2002). Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53(366), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.366.1
Hatamian, M., Nejad, R., Kafi, A., Souri, M., & Shahbazi, M. K. (2018). Interactions of lead and nitrate on growth characteristics of ornamental Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum). Open Agriculture, 3, 386-392. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0070
Hatamian, M., Nejad, R., Kafi, A., Souri, M., & Shahbazi, M. K. (2019). Growth characteristics of ornamental Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum L.) seedling under different concentrations of lead and cadmium in irrigation water. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(2), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.2.8
Hatamian, M., Nejad, A. R., Kafi, M., Souri, M. K., & Shahbazi, K. (2020). Nitrate improves hackberry seedling growth under cadmium application. Heliyon, 6(1), Article e03247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03247
Heaton, A. C. P., Rugh, C. L., Wang, N.-J., & Meagher, R. B. (1998). Phytoremediation of mercury- and methylmercury-polluted soils using genetically engineered plants. Journal of Soil Contamination, 7(4), 497-509.
Hoehamer, C. F., Wolfe, N. L., & Eriksson, K. E. L. (2006). Differences in the biotransformation of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) between wild and axenically grown isolates of Myriophyllum aquaticum. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 8(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510600678431
Hsieh, J. L., Chen, C. Y., Chiu, M. H., Chein, M. F., Chang, J. S., Endo, G., & Huang, C. C. (2009). Expressing a bacterial mercuric ion binding protein in plant for phytoremediation of heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(2-3), 920-925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.079
Ike, A., Sriprang, R., Ono, H., Murooka, Y., & Yamashita, M. (2007). Bioremediation of cadmium contaminated soil using symbiosis between leguminous plant and recombinant rhizobia with the MTL4 and the PCS genes. Chemosphere, 66(9), 1670-1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.058
Ji, P., Tang, X., Jiang, Y., Tong, Y., Gao, P., & Han, W. (2015). Potential of gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) for enhancing the phytoremediation efficiency of Solanum nigrum L. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 95(6), 810-814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1670-x
Kafle, A., Timilsina, A., Gautam, A., Adhikari, K., Bhattarai, A., & Aryal, N. (2022). Phytoremediation: Mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents. Environmental Advances, 8, Article 100203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100203
Kalve, S., Sarangi, B. K., Pandey, R. A., & Chakrabarti, T. (2011). Arsenic and chromium hyperaccumulation by an ecotype of Pterisvittata - prospective for phytoextraction from contaminated water and soil. Current Science, 100(6), 888-894.
Kärenlampi, S., Schat, H., Vangronsveld, J., Verkleij, J. A. C., van der Lelie, D., Mergeay, M., & Tervahauta, A. I. (2000). Genetic engineering in the improvement of plants for phytoremediation of metal polluted soils. Environmental Pollution, 107(2), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00141-4
Kaur, P., Bali, S., Sharma, A., Vig, A. P., & Bhardwaj, R. (2018). Role of earthworms in phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) by modulating the antioxidative potential of Brassica juncea L. Applied Soil Ecology: A Section of Agriculture, 124, 306-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.11.017
Keller, C., Ludwig, C., Davoli, F., & Wochele, J. (2005). Thermal treatment of metal-enriched biomass produced from heavy metal phytoextraction. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(9), 3359-3367. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0484101
Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I., & Dumat, C. (2017). A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182, 247-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021
Khan, M. A., Ahmad, I., & Rahman, I. U. (2007). Effect of environmental pollution on heavy metals content of Withania somnifera. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 54(2), 339-343. https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.200700049
Khandare, R. V., & Govindwar, S. P. (2015). Phytoremediation of textile dyes and effluents: Current scenario and future prospects. Biotechnology Advances, 33(8), 1697-1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.09.003
Koptsik, G. N. (2014). Problems and prospects concerning the phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils: a review. Eurasian Soil Science, 47, 923-939. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229314090075
Krämer, U., Pickering, I. J., Prince, R. C., Raskin, I., & Salt, D. E. (2000). Subcellular localization and speciation of nickel in hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator Thlaspi species. Plant Physiology, 122(4), 1343-1354. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.122.4.1343
Kristanti, R. A., Ngu, W. J., Yuniarto, A., & Hadibarata, T. (2021). Rhizofiltration for removal of inorganic and organic pollutants in groundwater: a review. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11, 12326-12347.
Lasat, M. M. (1999). Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant/soil/metal interaction and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues. Journal of Hazardous Substance Research, 2(1), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.4148/1090-7025.1015
Liu, H., Wu, Y., Cai, J., Chen, Y., Zhou, C., Qiao, C., & Wang, S. (2024). Effect of auxin on cadmium toxicity-induced growth inhibition in Solanum lycopersicum. Toxics, 12(5), Article 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050374
Lone, M. I., He, Z. L., Stoffella, P. J., & Yang, X. E. (2008). Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: progresses and perspectives. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 9(3), 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0710633
Ma, Y., Ankit, Tiwari, J., & Bauddh, K. (2022). Plant-mycorrhizal fungi interactions in phytoremediation of geogenic contaminated soils. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, Artice 843415. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.843415
Mahar, A., Wang, P., Ali, A., Awasthi, M. K., Lahori, A. H., Wang, Q. & Zhang, Z. (2016). Challenges and opportunities in the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 126, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.023
Mahjoub, B. (2013). Plants for soil remediation. In S. Gaspard & M. C. Ncibi (Eds.). Biomass for sustainable applications: Pollution remediation and energy (pp 106-143). The Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849737142
McGrath, S. P., Zhao, F. J., & Lombi, E. (2001). Plant and rhizosphere processes involved in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils. Plant and Soil, 232, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010358708525
Memon, A. R., & Schröder, P. (2009). Implications of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16, 162-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0079-z
Menguer, P. K., Farthing, E., Peaston, K. A., Ricachenevsky, F. K., Fett, J. P., & Williams, L. E. (2013). Functional analysis of the rice vacuolar zinc transporter OsMTP1. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64(10), 2871-2883. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert136
Moharem, M., Elkhatib, E., & Mesalem, M. (2019). Remediation of chromium and mercury polluted calcareous soils using nanoparticles: Sorption-desorption kinetics, speciation and fractionation. Environmental Research, 170, 366-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.054
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Maiti, S. K. (2010). Phytoremediation of metal mine waste. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 8(3), 207-222.
Newman, L. A., & Reynolds, C. M. (2004). Phytodegradation of organic compounds. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 15(3), 225-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. copbio.2004.04.006
Pande, V., Pandey, S. C., Sati, D., Bhatt, P., & Samant, M. (2022). Microbial interventions in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminants in agroecosystem. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, Article 824084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.824084
Paz-Alberto, A. M., & Sigua, G. C. (2013). Phytoremediation: A green technology to remove environmental pollutants. American Journal of Climate Change, 2(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2013.21008
Pivetz, B. E. (2001). Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and ground water at hazardous waste sites. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/epa_540_s01_500.pdf
Pivetz, S., Ali, Q., Zahir, Z. A., Ashraf, S., & Asghar, H. N. (2019). Phytoremediation: Environmentally sustainable way for reclamation of heavy metal polluted soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 174, 714-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.068
Prapagdee, B., & Khonsue, N. (2015). Bacterial-assisted cadmium phytoremediation by Ocimum gratissimum L. in polluted agricultural soil: a field trial experiment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(12), 3843-3852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0816-z
Rafique, N., & Tariq, S. R. (2016). Distribution and source apportionment studies of heavy metals in soil of cotton/wheat fields. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(5), Article 309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5309-0
Raskin, I., I., Smith, R. D., & Salt, D. E. (1997). Phytoremediation of metals: using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 8(2), 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(97)80106-1
Rodriguez, L., Lopez-Bellido, F., Carnicer, A. & Alcalde, M. V. (2003). Phytoremediation of mercury-polluted soils using crop plants. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12, 967-971.
Sakakibara, M., Ohmori, Y., Ha, N. T. H., Sano, S., & Sera, K. (2011). Phytoremediation of heavy metal‐contaminated water and sediment by Eleocharis acicularis. Clean–Soil, Air, Water, 39(8), 735-741. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000488
Salem, H. M., Eweida, E. A., & Farag, A. (2000). Heavy metals in drinking water and their environmental impact on human health. In Proceedings of the International Conference for Environmental Hazards Mitigation (pp. 542-556). Cairo University.
Santana, N. A., Ferreira, P. A. A., Tarouco, C. P., Schardong, I. S., Antoniolli, Z. I., Nicoloso, F. T., & Jacques, R. J. S. (2019). Earthworms and mycorrhization increase copper phytoextraction by Canavalia ensiformis in sandy soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 182, Article 109383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109383
Saraswat, S., & Rai, J. P. N. (2009). Phytoextraction potential of six plant species grown in multimetal contaminated soil. Chemistry in Ecology, 25(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540802657185
Sas-Nowosielska, A., Kucharski, R., Malkowski, E., Pogrzeba, M., Kuperberg, M. & Kryñski, K. (2004). Phytoextraction crop disposal — an unsolved problem. Environmental Pollution,128, 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.012
Shabani, L., Sabzalian, M. R. & Mostafavi pour, S. (2016). Arbuscular mycorrhiza affects nickel translocation and expression of ABC transporter and metallothionein genes in Festuca arundinacea. Mycorrhiza, 26(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-015-0647-2
Sharma, S.S., & Dietz, K.J. (2006). The significance of amino acids and amino acid- derived molecules in plant responses and adaptation to heavy metal stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(4), 711-726. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj073
Sharma, S., Singh, B., & Manchanda, V. K. (2015). Phytoremediation: role of terrestrial plants and aquatic macrophytes in the remediation of radionuclides and heavy metal contaminated soil and water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 946-962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3635-8
Sheoran, V., Sheoran, A. S., & Poonia, P. (2009). Phytomining: A review. Minerals Engineering, 22(12), 1007-1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2009.04.001
Silva, J. R. R., Fernandes, A. R., Junior, M. L. S., Santos, C. R. C., & Lobato, A. K. S. (2018). Tolerance mechanisms in Cassia alata exposed to cadmium toxicity - potential use for phytoremediation. Photosynthetica, 56(2), 495-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-017-0698-z
Skuza, L., Szućko-Kociuba, I., Filip, E., & Bożek, I. (2022). Natural molecular mechanisms of plant hyperaccumulation and hypertolerance towards heavy metals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), Article 9335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169335
Souri, M. K., Alipanahi, N., Hatamian, M., Ahmadi, M., & Tesfamariam, T., (2018). Elemental profile of heavy metals in garden cress, coriander, lettuce and spinach, commonly cultivated in Kahrizak, South of Tehran-Iran. Open Agriculture, 3(1), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0004
Souri, M. K., & Hatamian, M. (2019). Aminochelates in plant nutrition; a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-019-0170-3
Souri, M. K., Hatamian, M., & Tesfamariam, T. (2019). Plant growth stage influences heavy metal accumulation in leafy vegetables of garden cress and sweet basil. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 6(1), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-019-0170-3
Su, C., Jiang, L., & Zhang, W. (2014). A review on heavy metal contamination in the soil worldwide: Situation, impact and remediation techniques. Environmental Skeptics and Critics, 3(2), 24-38.
Suman, J., Uhlik, O., Viktorova, J., & Macek, T. (2018). Phytoextraction of heavy metals: A promising tool for clean-up of polluted environment? Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, Article 1476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01476
Van Der Zaal, B. J., Neuteboom, L. W., Pinas, J. E., Chardonnens, A. N., Schat, H., Verkleij, J. A., & Hooykaas, P. J. (1999). Overexpression of a novel Arabidopsis gene related to putative zinc-transporter genes from animals can lead to enhanced zinc resistance and accumulation. Plant, 119, 1047-1056. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.3.1047
Van Nevel, L., Mertens, J., Oorts, K., & Verheyen, K. (2007). Phytoextraction of metals from soils: how far from practice. Environmental Pollution, 150(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.05.024
Wang, G., Wang, L., Ma, F., You, Y., Wang, Y., & Yang, D. (2020). Integration of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil by Solanum nigrum L. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 389, Article 121873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121873
Wang, J., Feng, X., Anderson, C. W., Xing, Y., & Shang, L. (2012). Remediation of mercury contaminated sites–a review. Journal of hazardous materials, 221, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.035
Wuana, R. A., & Okieimen, F. E. (2011). Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology, 2011, Article 402647. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
Yan, A., Wang, Y., Tan, S. N., Mohd Yusof, M. L., Ghosh, S., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoremediation: A promising approach for revegetation of heavy metal-polluted land. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, Article 359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00359
Zhang, X., Yan, L., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., & Tan, C. (2019). Removal of different kinds of heavy metals by novel PPG-nZVI beads and their application in simulated storm water infiltration facility. Applied Sciences, 9(20), Article 4213. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204213
Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Huang, W., Zhang, D., Wu, J., Li, B., Li, M., Liu, L., & Yan, M. (2023). Abscisic-acid- regulated responses to alleviate cadmium toxicity in plants. Plants, 12(5), Article 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051023
Zheng, X., Lin, H., Du, D., Li, G., Alam, O., Cheng, Z., Liu, X., Jiang, S. & Li, J. (2024). Remediation of heavy metals polluted soil environment: A critical review on biological approaches. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 284, 116883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116883
Zhou, P., Adeel, M., Shakoor, N., Guo, M., Hao, Y., & Azeem, I., Rui, Y. (2020). Application of nanoparticles alleviates heavy metals stress and promotes plant growth: An overview. Nanomaterials, 11(1), Article 26. 10.3390/nano11010026
Zhuang, P., Yang, Q. W., Wang, H. B., & Shu, W. S. (2007). Phytoextraction of heavy metals by eight plant species in the field. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 184(1-4), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9412-2
Zulfiqar, U., Haider, F. U., Maqsood, M. F., Mohy-Ud-Din, W., Shabaan, M., Ahmad, M., Kaleem, M., Ishfaq, M., Aslam, Z., & Shahzad, B. (2023). Recent advances in microbial-assisted remediation of cadmium- contaminated soil. Plants, 12(17), Article 3147. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173147
