Local Green Leadership for Sustainable Futures and Climate Change Mitigation: A Science-Based Overview on Environmental Policies and Initiatives Among Selected Local Government Units in the Philippines

Main Article Content

Nathaniel E. Quimada
Chiena L. Palconite

Abstract

Green leadership is an emerging paradigm in environmental governance that emphasizes visionary, ethical, and participatory approaches to sustainable development. It aligns policies, behaviors, and institutional practices with ecological priorities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As environmental degradation and climate change continue to threaten ecosystems and livelihoods, the need for science-based, locally driven action becomes increasingly urgent. This paper explores the role of Local Government Units (LGUs) in the Philippines in advancing green leadership at the grassroots level. By synthesizing secondary data and case studies, it examines local environmental initiatives and highlights key themes such as solid waste management, climate adaptation, and public participation. Despite paper underscores the need for capacity-building, inclusive governance, and strategic planning to strengthen local green leadership and achieve long-term environmental resilience. Future research to develop adaptable frameworks that integrate green leadership into broader policy and performance structures is recommended.

Article Details

How to Cite
Quimada, N. E., & Palconite, C. L. (2026). Local Green Leadership for Sustainable Futures and Climate Change Mitigation: A Science-Based Overview on Environmental Policies and Initiatives Among Selected Local Government Units in the Philippines. CURRENT APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, e0268067. https://doi.org/10.55003/cast.2026.268067
Section
Review Ariticle

References

Aguila, G. M., & Ragot, R. (2014). Ecotourism industry in Ilijan Batangas City, Philippines: Assessing its effects as a basis of proposed tourism development plan. Quarterly Journal of Business Studies, Research Academy of Social Science, 1(1), 24-35.

Aguilar, O. M. (2018). Examining the literature to reveal the nature of community EE/ESD programs and research. Environmental Education Research, 24(1), 26-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1244658

Ahmed, M. F., Mokhtar, M. B., Lim, C. K., Hooi, A. W. K., & Lee, K. E. (2021). Leadership roles for sustainable development: The case of a Malaysian green hotel. Sustainability, 13(18), Article 10260. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810260

Apostu, S., Jabeen, R., & Hussain, A. (2024). A study among green transformational leadership, green learning, government regulation and sustainable project success across renewable energy investments. Journal on Innovation and Sustainability, 15(4), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2024v15i4p42-57

Arazo, R. O., Abonitalla, M. R., Gomez, J. M. O., Quimada, N. E., Yamuta, K. M. D., Mugot, D. A., & Hanif, M. U. (2016). Biodiesel production from Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany) seeds. Journal of Higher Education Research Disciplines, 1(2), 8-18.

Aruta, J. J. B., & Ballada, C. J. A. (2022). The Impact of nature relatedness on environmental attitudes weakens among materialistic individuals: Evidence from the Philippines. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 22(1), 35-46.

Barrero, H. B., Castañares, E. D., Amay, G. C., Magdugo, J. A., Pardilloand, J. S., & Vedra, S. A. (2015). Integrating indigenous knowledge system to sustainable agricultural practices of Higaonon Tribein Claveria, Misamis Oriental. International Journal of Research in Biosciences, 4(4), 62-67.

Batel, S. (2018). A critical discussion of research on the social acceptance of renewable energy generation and associated infrastructures and an agenda for the future. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 20(3), 356-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2017.1417120

Berse, K. B., & Tumanut, M. A. (2018). Untwining twinning: A cursory examination of sister city relations in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 62, 109-128.

Blair, M. (2008). Community environmental education as a model for effective environmental programmes. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 24(2), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0814062600000574

Bollettino, V., Alcayna-Stevens, T., Sharma, M., Dy, P., Pham, P., & Vinck, P. (2020). Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines. Climate Risk Management, 30, Article 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100250

Borres, M. J. B. (2021). Effectiveness of the environmental education in enhancing preparedness of the vulnerable population in an urban community in the Eastern Philippines. BU R&D Journal, 24(3), 12-22.

Boyle, R. (2024). Greenhouse gas emissions in the Philippines. https://www.emission-index.com/countries/philippines

Briones, N. D. (2005). Environmental sustainability issues in Philippine agriculture. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2(1-2), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.165781

Catacutan, D., Garrity, D. P., & Cramb, R. A. (2004). Political and institutional transformation in environmental governance: A case study of local governments in the Philippines. 2nd international conference of the asian rural sociological association (ARSA). The Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry.

Chowdhury, A. H., Mohammad, N., Haque, M. R. U., & Hossain, T. (2014). Developing 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) strategy for waste management in the urban areas of Bangladesh: Socioeconomic and climate adoption mitigation option. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8(5), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-08510918

Dartey-Baah, K. (2014). Effective leadership and sustainable development in Africa: is there “really” a link? Journal of Global Responsibility, 5(2), 203-218. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-03-2014-0014

Domingo, J. P. T., Jenkin, G. R. T., Quick, L., Williams, R. D., Hudson-Edwards, K. A., Tortajada, C., Byrne, P., Coulthard, T. J., Padrones, J. T., Crane, R., Gibaga, C. R. L., Vasilopoulos, G., Tungpalan, K., Samaniego, J. O., Biles, E., Tanciongco, A. M., Chambers, J. E., Quimado, M. O., Bautista, A. T., Gonzalvo, F. I. P., & Arcilla, C. A. (2024). Sustainable mining in tropical, biodiverse landscapes: Environmental challenges and opportunities in the archipelagic Philippines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 468, Article 143114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143114

Dressel, B., & Saguin, K. (2025). Challenges and prospects of the energy transition in the Philippines. https://philippinesinstitute.anu.edu.au/content-centre/research/challenges-and-prospects-energy-transition-philippines

Du, J., Zhu, X., Li, X., & Ünal, E. (2024). What drives the green development behavior of local governments? A perspective of grounded theory. Heliyon, 10(6), Article e27744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27744

Durrani, N., Raziq, A., Mahmood, T., & Khan, M. R. (2024). Barriers to adaptation of environmental sustainability in SMEs: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 19(5), Article e0298580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298580

Estoque, R. C., Murayama, Y., Lasco, R. D., Myint, S. W., Pulhin, F. B., Wang, C., Ooba, M., & Hijioka, Y. (2018). Changes in the landscape pattern of the La Mesa Watershed – The last ecological frontier of Metro Manila, Philippines. Forest Ecology and Management, 430, 280-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.023

Floranza, J. M. (2023). Understanding the concern to communicate climate change in Northeast of Catanduanes, Philippines. European Journal of Social Impact and Circular Economy, 4(3), 36-57. https://doi.org/10.13135/2704-9906/7425

Gamaralalage, P. J. D., Hengesbaugh, M., Onogawa, K., & Cabrera, N. C. (2017). Planning and implementation of integrated solid waste management strategies at local level: The case of Cebu City. UN Environment International Environmental Technology Centre.

Gatmaytan, D. B. (2014). A handbook on local environmental governance. Bantay Kita, Inc.

Geollegue, R. T. (2000). A tale of two provinces: An assessment of the implementation of decentralized forestry functions by two provinces in the Philippines. https://www.fao.org/4/x6898e/x6898e06a.htm

Gonzales, B. J., Dalumpines, R. H., Dagaraga, R. S., Sariego, R. S., Manarpaac, E. P., Lariza, C. L. S., & Gonzales-Plasus, M. M. (2021). Implementing environmental plans and laws at rural grassroots, Palawan, Philippines: status, factors, and moving forward. The Palawan Scientist, 13(1), 59-77.

Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractice Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6

Huelgas, S. M., & Arellano, V. A. (2021). Green-transformational-leadership-green-human-resource-management-and-green-innovation. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(3), 48-58.

Ibañez, C. A., Palec, L., Argamosa, R. J., & Arceo, G. M. (2024). Leveraging spatial analysis techniques for developing a climate resilient and localized urban greening plan for Pasig City. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 10(5), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-2024-79-2024

IKI. (2020). Case study on the path to Climate Resiliency- Cagayan de Oro City. International Climate Initiative.

Javed, M. S., Rehman, M., Miah, N., Melon, M. M. H., Hossain, A., & Quimada, N. E. (2024). The importance of green leadership and green communication allies in the potential to promote a sustainable practice and reduced a negative impact on human activities on environment in management. Migration Letters, 21(S13), 74-93.

Khan, R. U., Saqib, A., Abbasi, M. A., Mikhaylov, A., & Pinter, G. (2023). Green leadership, environmental knowledge sharing, and sustainable performance in manufacturing Industry: Application from upper echelon theory. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 60, Article 103540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103540

Klinton, B., Gracias, A., & Bell, C. (2024). Challenges and barriers in green communication for sustainable management. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385520221_CHALLENGES_AND_BARRIERS_IN_GREEN_COMMUNICATION_FOR_SUSTAINABLE_MANAGEMENT

Largo, F. P. Jr, & Nagal, C. J. C. (2025). Analysis of urban ecotourism management strategies among Southeast Asian Nations. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 7(2), 38-43.

Lasco, R. D. (2022). Climate change and long-standing environmental problems in the Philippines. Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology, 42(2), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2020.2311

Lu, J. L. (2022). Environmental pollution towards the workplace in the Philippines. Acta Medica Philippina, 56(1), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v56i1.3889

Luo, J. M., Chau, K. Y., Fan, Y., & Chen, H. (2021). Barriers to the Implementation of green practices in the integrated resort sector. SAGE Open, 11(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211030277

Macalisang, J. S., Balangao, J. K. B., & Logronio, F. V. (2024). Environmental assessment in Panguil and Iligan Bay, Philippines: Review and future perspectives. Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology, 13(3), 188-196. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2024.09.243888

Magno, F. A., & Hecita, I. J. R. (2023). Local environmental governance: baseline assessment of climate change adaptation and disaster management practices in a Philippine Province. Albert Del Rosario Institute for Strategic and International Studies.

Makati City Government. (2020). Makati city comprehensive development plan 2019-2025. https://www.makati.gov.ph/assets/uploads/downloads/2/221/381/pdf/FINAL_Makati%20CDP_Main%20Text_10152020.pdf

Manalo, J. G. (2018). The initiatives of local government units (LGUs) in Batangas on climate change. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research, 34(1), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v34i1.631

Mias-Cea, M. A. A., Mejillano, P., Gentoral, F. E., & Borlon-Aparicio, J. A. (2017). Enhanced LGU guidebook on the formulation of local climate change action plan (LCCAP). Local Government Academy, Department of Interior and Local Government.

Mitchell, K., & Welch, A. (2009). Current structures, strategies and examples for green economic development. Bluegreen Alliance.

Municipality of Opol. (2022). Municipal ordinance No. 2022-13. An ordinance requiring operators of business, industrial, commercial and agricultural establishments to secure environmental clearance and imposing penalty for violation thereof. https://opolmisor.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Municipal-Ordinance-No.-2022-13.pdf

Municipality of Opol. (2025). Environment. https://opolmisor.gov.ph/forestry/

Nuñez, E. B., & Llenaresas, H. M. (2021). Effectiveness of the environmental education program in enhancing awareness, comprehension, and competence of the middle-school children of Bicol University. BU R&D Journal, 24(2), 1-11.

Nurasa, H., Putri, S. S. U., Abdillah, A., & Widianingsih, I. (2024). Green leadership in policy making towards sustainable future: Systematic critical review and future direction. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 34(1), 519-534. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/186576

Okour, Y., & Shaweesh, H. (2024). Identifying the barriers to green infrastructure implementation in semi-arid urban areas using the DPSIR framework: A case study of Amman, Jordan. City and Environment Interactions, 24, Article 100165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100165

Padilla, R. F. Q., Vedra, S. A., Coronado, W. A., Trinidad, R. B., & Relox, R. E. (2016). Impacts of management programs to biophysical resources of Cagayan de Oro River, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. AES Bioflux, 8(3), 273-282.

Pathiranage, H. S. K., Anwer, S., Altaf, M., Ali, M. F., Raza, M. F., & Abdul-Samad, Z. (2024). Unlocking green leadership for effective performance and sdg goals of organisation and project. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(6), 3931-3937. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i6.6346

Perez, G. J., Comiso, J. C., Aragones, L. V., Merida, H. C., & Ong, P. S. (2020). Reforestation and deforestation in Northern Luzon, Philippines: Critical issues as observed from space. Forests, 11(10), Article 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101071

Premakumara, D. G. J. (2012). Best practices and innovations in community-based solid waste management in Cebu. Japan Fund for Global Environment.

Puna, T. R. (2023). Environmental conservation practices in Baybay City Leyte. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research and Innovation, 1(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7379570

Quimada, N. E., & Ogdiman, R. A. (2025). Employing in-situ hydrogen peroxide generation to alleviate aquatic impact from methylene blue-contaminated water. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 21(3), 1107-1122. https://doi.org/10.63369/ijat.2025.21.3.1107-1122

Quimada, N. E., Comia, J. R. Jr., Beak, S., Bayantong, A. R. R., & Logronio, F. V. (2024). Efficiency of combined electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes and mahogany pods activated carbon in the removal of cod and decolorization of dye-contaminated wastewater. Science International (Lahore), 36(2), 71-75.

Quimada, N. E., De Luna, M. D. G., & Lu, M. C. (2020). Treatment of printed circuit board wastewater containing copper and nickel ions by fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation process. In V. Naddeo, M. Balakrishnan, & K. H. Choo (Eds.). Frontiers in water-energy-nexus-nature-based solutions, advanced technologies and best practices for environmental sustainability. Advances in science, technology and innovation (pp. 191-193). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13068-8_47

Quimada, N. E., De Luna, M. D. G., Vilando, A. C., & Lu, M. C. (2022). Competitive effect of copper and nickel recovery with carbonate in the fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation process. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(9), 12414-12426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14733-5

Quimada, N. E., Sioson, A. S., Sutopo, F., & Mabayo, V. I. F. (2023). Response surface optimization of the efficiency of ZnCl2-impregnated activated carbon from residual coffee grounds in the removal of Eriochrome Black T dye-contaminated wastewater. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(6), 7555-7567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04090-3

Reyes, M. (2008). Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in local governance. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/9443_gtz20080421enncdrr1.pdf?startDownload=true

Roesch, J. L., & Nobre, J. A. (2021). Strengthening the current climate governance system: Mapping leading states and initiatives climate governance commission. Global Challenge Foundation.

Ross, W. A. (1994). Environmental impact assessment in the Philippines: Progress, problems, and directions for the future. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 14(4), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(94)90020-5

Saba, C. S., Alola, A. A., & Ngepah, N. (2025). Exploring the role of governance and institutional indicators in environmental degradation across global regions. Environmental Development, 54, Article 101152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101152

Sandhu, S. C. (2021). Environmental governance in the Philippines. A pathway to sustainable development through the effective management of natural assets. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-the-philippines-cebu/bs-in-english /environmental-governance/90059316

Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Recycling and disposal of electronic waste: Health hazards and environmental impacts. https://www.naturvardsverket.se/ globalassets/media/publikationer-pdf/6400/978-91-620-6417-4.pdf

Tagarda, E. B. P., Deloso, L. E., Oclarit, L. J. Z., Lungay, G. S., Mabayo, V. I. F., & Arazo, R. O. (2024). Utilizing Carica papaya seeds as a promising source for bio-oil production: optimization and characterization. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(20), 25093-25102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04471-8

Tito, V. R., Kazem, H., Kadia, S.-O., & Paquito, B. (2024). A systematic review of mental health and climate change in the Philippines. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 101, Article 104191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104191

Tribe, H. (2018). Climate change impacts on Philippine communities: An overview of the current literature and policies. Asia Pacific Perspectives, 15(2), 30-48.

UNDRR. (2019). Disaster risk reduction in the Philippines: Status report 2019. https://www.undrr.org/publication/disaster-risk-reduction-philippines-status-report-2019

UNDRR. (2022). Makati steps up on climate. https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/makati-steps-climate

World Bank Group. (2022). Philippines. Country Climate and Development Report.

https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/publication/philippines-country-cli mate-and-development-report

Varey, N., Diaz, L. F., Allen, N., Buenafe, L., Crowe, H., Diaz, L., Eggerth, L., Favila, G., Kahlon, M., Lopez, R., Palacio, A., Pook, R., Rollan, R., & Ana, J. S. (2003). Metro Manila solid waste management project. AEA Technology.

Wiset, K., Gregorio, N., Fisher, R., Mangaoang, E., & Herbohn, J. (2023). Assessing the effectiveness of the engagement of local people in restoring degraded forest landscapes in leyte and Biliran Provinces, the Philippines. Environmental Science and Policy, 148, Article 103545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.07.005

Xiao, Y., Tao, X., Chen, P., & Kee, D. M. H. (2024). Leading with purpose: Unraveling the impact of responsible leadership on employee green behavior in the workplace. Heliyon, 10(9), Article e30096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30096

Yabut, F. A. D. R., Cuyegkeng, M. A. C., Barretto, J. G. D., & Lizares, R. E. J. R. (2024). The Role of sustainability leadership in transforming business organizations. Journal of Management for Global Sustainability, 12(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.13185/2244-6893.1225

Ye, S. Y. (2022). Understanding the role of environmental concern in green-product purchase intention. In Proceedings of the 2022 international conference on economics, smart finance and contemporary trade (ESFCT 2022) (pp. 1281-1297). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-052-7_143