Development of Novel Vaccines Against PRRS Viruses in Pigs
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jul 13, 2018
Keywords:
Vaccine Novel vaccine PRRS virus Pig
Main Article Content
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a causative agent of a devastating disease that namely Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) brought huge losses to pork production in swine industry worldwide. The disease is characterized by massive reproductive failure and late term abortion in sows as well as respiratory disorder in piglets. In the present, PRRS is endemic in several countries in Asia such as China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. As, PRRSV has become one of the most common viruses affecting swine population, several control strategies were established. However, these viruses still circulate and re-infection occurs in many swine herds. Of all control and prevention measures, vaccination is the main approach for control and eradication of PRRSV infection in swine herds since no specific treatment and no any antiviral drug is available for curing and control of PRRS. Thus, several studies have focused on the development of an effective vaccine against PRRSV in both experimental trials and field studies. Nevertheless, these vaccines still have several drawbacks. Thus, development of an effective PRRSV vaccine is one of the most interesting areas. This present review article provides the knowledge of recent novel PRRSV vaccine development. The information from this review article can be applied for further study about PRRSV vaccine development, resulting in enlighten veterinary practitioners and other related persons to develop more effective control measures aiming to PRRSV eradication.
Article Details
How to Cite
Jantafong, T. (2018) “Development of Novel Vaccines Against PRRS Viruses in Pigs”, Journal of Mahanakorn Veterinary Medicine, 13(1), pp. 85–99. Available at: https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jmvm/article/view/114011 (Accessed: 13 November 2024).
Section
Review Article
References
1. Adams, M. J., Lefkowitz, E. J., King, A. M., Harrach, B., Harrison, R. L., Knowles, N. J., Kropinski, A.M., Krupovic, M., Kuhn, J.H., Mushegian, A.R., Nibert, M., Sabanadzovic, S., Sanfaçon, H., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Varsani, A., Zerbini, F.M., Gorbalenya, A.E. and Davison, A. 2016. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Arch. Virol. 161: 2921-2949.
2. Beura, L.K., Sarkar,S.N., Kwon, B., Subramaniam, S., Jones, C., Pattnaik, A.K. and Osoriol,F.A. 2010. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 1β modulates host innate immune response by antagonizing IRF3 activation. J. Virol. 84: 1574-1584.
3. Charerntantanakul, W. 2012. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety aspects. World J. Virol. 1(1): 23-30.
4. Chen, Z., Zhou, X., Lunney, J.K., Lawson, S., Sun, Z., Brown, E., Christopher-Hennings, J., Knudsen, D., Nelson, E.A. and Fang, Y. 2010. Immunodominant epitopes in nsp2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are dispensable for replication, but play an important role in modulation of the host immune response. J. Gen. Virol. 91: 1047-1057.
5. Collins, J.E., Benfield, D.A., Christianson, W.T., Harris, L., Hennings, J.C., Shaw, D.P., Goyal, S.M., McCullough, S., Morrison, R.B., Joo, H.S., Gorcyca, D. and Chladek, D. 1992. Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCCVR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 4: 117-126.
6. Cui, J., O’Connell, C.M., Smith, J.D., Pan, Y., Smyth, J.A., Verardi, P.H. and Garmendia, A.E. 2016. A GP5 Mosaic T-cell vaccine for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is immunogenic and confers partial protection to pigs. Vaccine Rep. 6: 77-85.
7. Dea, S., Gagnon, C.A., Mardassi, H., Pirzadeh, B. and Rogan, D. 2000. Current knowledge on the structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus: comparison of the North American and European isolates. Arch. Virol. 145: 659-688.
8. Fang, Y., Christopher-Hennings, J., Brown, E., Liu, H., Chen, Z., Lawson, S.R., Breen, R., Clement, T., Gao, X., Bao, J., Knudsen, D., Daly, R. and Nelson, E. 2008. Development of genetic markers in the non-structural protein 2 region of a US type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: implications for future recombinant marker vaccine development. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 3086-3096.
9. Holtkamp, D.J., Kliebenstein, J.B., Neumann, E.J., Zimmerman, J.J., Rotto, H.F., Yoder, T.K., Wang, C., Yeske, P.E., Mowrer, C.L. and Haley, C.A. 2013 Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers. J. Swine Health Prod. 21: 72-84.
10. Jantafong, T., Sangtong, P., Saenglub, W., Mungkundar, C., Romlamduan, N., Lekchareonsuk, C. and Lekcharoensuk, P. 2015. Genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Thailand and Southeast Asia from 2008 to 2013. Vet Microbiol. 176(3–4): 229-238.
11. Jiang, P., Jiang, W., Li, Y., Wu, S. and Xu, J. 2004. Humoral immune response induced by oral administration of S. typhimurium containing a DNA vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 102: 321-328.
12. Jiang, Y.B., Fang, L.R., Xiao, S.B., Zhang, H., Pan, Y.F., Luo, R., Li. B. and Chen, H. 2007. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing the two major membrane-associated proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vaccine. 25: 547-560.
13. Jiang, Y., Xiao, S., Fang, L., Yu, X., Song, Y., Niu, C. and Chen, H. 2006. DNA vaccines co-expressing GP5 and M proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) display enhanced immunogenicity. Vaccine. 24: 2869-2879.
14. Jiang, Y., Fang, L., Xiao, S., Li, B., Pan, Y., Luo, R. and Chen, H. 2009. A suicidal DNA vaccine co-expressing two major membrane-associated proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigens induce protective responses. Biotechnol. Lett. 31: 509-518.
15. Jiang, W., Jiang, P., Wang, X., Li, Y. and Du, Y. 2008. Enhanced immune responses of mice inoculated recombinant adenoviruses expressing GP5 by fusion with GP3 and/or GP4 of PRRS virus. Virus Res. 136: 50-57.
16. Kappes, M.A. and Faaberg, K. S. 2015. PRRSV structure, replication and recombination: Origin of phenotype and genotype diversity. Virology 479–480: 475-486.
17. Kost, T.A., Condreay, J.P. and Jarvis, D.L. 2005. Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 567-575.
18. Li, J., Jiang, P., Li, Y., Wang, X., Cao, J., Wang, X. and Zeshan, B. 2009. HSP70 fused with GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus enhanced the immune responses and protective efficacy against virulent PRRSV challenge in pigs. Vaccine. 27: 825-832.
19. Meier, W.A., Galeota,J., Osorio, F.A., Husmann,R.J., Schnitzlein,W.M. and Zuckermann,F.A. 2003. Gradual development of the interferon- response of swine to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection or vaccination. Virology. 309: 18-31.
20. Meng, X.J., Paul, P.S., Morozov, I. and Halbur, P.G. 1996. A nested set of six or seven subgenomic mRNAs is formed in cells infected with different isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Gen. Virol. 77: 1265-1270.
21. Mengeling, W.L. 2005. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome quandary. Part II. Vaccines and vaccination strategy. J. Swine Health Prod. 13: 152-156.
22. Mengeling, W.L., Lager, K.M., Vorwald, A.C. and Clouser, D.F. 2003. Comparative safety and efficacy of attenuated single-strain and multi-strain vaccines for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Vet. Microbiol. 93: 25-38.
23. Nan, Y., Wu, C., Gu, G., Sun, W., Zhang, Y.J. and Zhou, E.M. 2017. Improved Vaccine against PRRSV: Current Progress and Future Perspective. Front Microbiol. 28 (8): 1-17.
24. Ostrowski, M., Galeota, J.A., Jar, A.M., Platt, K.B., Osorio, F.A. and Lopez, O.J. 2002. Identification of neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 ectodomain. J. Virol. 76: 4241-4250.
25. Rowland, R.R. 2007. The stealthy nature of PRRSV infection: the dangers posed by that ever-changing mystery swine disease. Vet. J. 174: 451.
26. Ruenphet, S. Punyadarsaniya, D., and Jantafong, T. 2017. Longitudinal study on antibodies detection against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in vaccinated fattening pigs by various Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay test kits. J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med. 2017. 12(2): 91-102.
27. Schommer, S.K. and Kleiboeker, S.B. 2006. Use of a PRRSV infectious clone to evaluate in vitro quasispecies. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 581: 435-438.
28. Shen, G., Jin, N., Ma, M., Jin, K., Zheng, M., Zhuang, T., Lu, H., Zhu, G., Jin, H., Jin, M., Huo, X., Qin, X., Yin, R., Li, C., Li, H., Li, Y., Han, Z. and Chen, Y. 2007. Immune responses of pigs inoculated with a recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing GP5/GP3 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine IL-18. Vaccine. 25: 4193-4202.
29. Sirisereewan, C., Nedumpun, T., Kesdangsakonwut, S., Woonwong, Y., Kedkovid, R., Arunorat, J.,Thanawongnuwech, R. and Suradhat, S. 2017. Positive immunomodulatory effects of heterologous DNA vaccine- modified live vaccine, prime-boost immunization, against the highly-pathogenic PRRSV infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 183: 7-15.
30. Snijder, E.J. and Meulenberg, J.J. 1998. The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 79: 961-979.
31. Spilman, M.S., Welbon, C., Nelson, E. and Dokland, T. 2009. Cryo-electron tomography of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: organization of the nucleocapsid. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 527-535.
32. Tian, K., Yu, X., Zhao, T., Feng, Y., Cao, Z., Wang, C., Hu, Y., Chen, X., Hu, D., Tian, X., Liu, D., Zhang, S., Deng, X., Ding, Y., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Xiao, H., Qiao, M., Wang, B., Hou, L., Wang, X., Yang, X., Kang, L., Sun, M., Jin, P., Wang, S., Kitamura, Y., Yan, J. and Gao, G.F. 2007.Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique hallmark. PLoS One. 2: e526.
33. Thanawongnuwech, R., Brown, G.B., Halbur, P.G., Roth, J.A., Royer, R.L. and Thacker, B.J. 2000. Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induced increase in susceptibility to Streptococcus suis infection. Vet. Pathol. 37: 143-152.
34. Van Reeth, K., Labarque,G., Nauwynck, H. and Pensaert, M. 1999. Differential production of proinflammatory cytokines in the pig lung during different respiratory virus infections: Correlations with pathogenicity. Res. Vet. Sci. 67: 47-52.
35. Vanhee, M., Delputte, P.L., Delrue, I., Geldhof, M.F. and Nauwynck, H.J. 2009. Development of an experimental inactivated PRRSV vaccine that induces virus neutralizing antibodies. Vet. Res. 40: 63.
36. Wang, X., Li, J., Jiang, P., Li, Y., Zeshan, B., Cao, J. and Wang, X. 2009. GM-CSF fused with GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus increased the immune responses and protective efficacy against virulent PRRSV challenge. Virus Res. 143: 24-32.
37. Wu, Q., Xu, F., Fang, L., Xu, J., Li, B., Jiang, Y., Chen, H. and Xiao, S. 2013. Enhanced immunogenicity induced by an alphavirus replicon-based pseudotyped baculovirus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Virol. Methods. 187: 251-258.
38. Zheng, H., Liu, C., Zhuang, J. and Yuan, S. 2010. Baculovirus expression of cloned porcine arterivirus generates infectious particles in both insect and mammalian cells. J. Biotechnol. 150: 251-258.
39. Ziebuhr, J., Snijder, E.J. and Gorbalenya, A.E. 2000. Virus-encoded proteinases and proteolytic processing in the Nidovirales. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 853-879.
40. Zimmerman, J., Sanderson, T., Eernisse, K.A., Hill, H.T. and Frey, M.L. 1992. Transmission of SIRS virus from convalescent animals to commingled penmates under experimental conditions. Am. Assoc. Swine Practitioners Newslett. 4(4): 25.
2. Beura, L.K., Sarkar,S.N., Kwon, B., Subramaniam, S., Jones, C., Pattnaik, A.K. and Osoriol,F.A. 2010. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 1β modulates host innate immune response by antagonizing IRF3 activation. J. Virol. 84: 1574-1584.
3. Charerntantanakul, W. 2012. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety aspects. World J. Virol. 1(1): 23-30.
4. Chen, Z., Zhou, X., Lunney, J.K., Lawson, S., Sun, Z., Brown, E., Christopher-Hennings, J., Knudsen, D., Nelson, E.A. and Fang, Y. 2010. Immunodominant epitopes in nsp2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are dispensable for replication, but play an important role in modulation of the host immune response. J. Gen. Virol. 91: 1047-1057.
5. Collins, J.E., Benfield, D.A., Christianson, W.T., Harris, L., Hennings, J.C., Shaw, D.P., Goyal, S.M., McCullough, S., Morrison, R.B., Joo, H.S., Gorcyca, D. and Chladek, D. 1992. Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCCVR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 4: 117-126.
6. Cui, J., O’Connell, C.M., Smith, J.D., Pan, Y., Smyth, J.A., Verardi, P.H. and Garmendia, A.E. 2016. A GP5 Mosaic T-cell vaccine for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is immunogenic and confers partial protection to pigs. Vaccine Rep. 6: 77-85.
7. Dea, S., Gagnon, C.A., Mardassi, H., Pirzadeh, B. and Rogan, D. 2000. Current knowledge on the structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus: comparison of the North American and European isolates. Arch. Virol. 145: 659-688.
8. Fang, Y., Christopher-Hennings, J., Brown, E., Liu, H., Chen, Z., Lawson, S.R., Breen, R., Clement, T., Gao, X., Bao, J., Knudsen, D., Daly, R. and Nelson, E. 2008. Development of genetic markers in the non-structural protein 2 region of a US type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: implications for future recombinant marker vaccine development. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 3086-3096.
9. Holtkamp, D.J., Kliebenstein, J.B., Neumann, E.J., Zimmerman, J.J., Rotto, H.F., Yoder, T.K., Wang, C., Yeske, P.E., Mowrer, C.L. and Haley, C.A. 2013 Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers. J. Swine Health Prod. 21: 72-84.
10. Jantafong, T., Sangtong, P., Saenglub, W., Mungkundar, C., Romlamduan, N., Lekchareonsuk, C. and Lekcharoensuk, P. 2015. Genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Thailand and Southeast Asia from 2008 to 2013. Vet Microbiol. 176(3–4): 229-238.
11. Jiang, P., Jiang, W., Li, Y., Wu, S. and Xu, J. 2004. Humoral immune response induced by oral administration of S. typhimurium containing a DNA vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 102: 321-328.
12. Jiang, Y.B., Fang, L.R., Xiao, S.B., Zhang, H., Pan, Y.F., Luo, R., Li. B. and Chen, H. 2007. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing the two major membrane-associated proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vaccine. 25: 547-560.
13. Jiang, Y., Xiao, S., Fang, L., Yu, X., Song, Y., Niu, C. and Chen, H. 2006. DNA vaccines co-expressing GP5 and M proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) display enhanced immunogenicity. Vaccine. 24: 2869-2879.
14. Jiang, Y., Fang, L., Xiao, S., Li, B., Pan, Y., Luo, R. and Chen, H. 2009. A suicidal DNA vaccine co-expressing two major membrane-associated proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigens induce protective responses. Biotechnol. Lett. 31: 509-518.
15. Jiang, W., Jiang, P., Wang, X., Li, Y. and Du, Y. 2008. Enhanced immune responses of mice inoculated recombinant adenoviruses expressing GP5 by fusion with GP3 and/or GP4 of PRRS virus. Virus Res. 136: 50-57.
16. Kappes, M.A. and Faaberg, K. S. 2015. PRRSV structure, replication and recombination: Origin of phenotype and genotype diversity. Virology 479–480: 475-486.
17. Kost, T.A., Condreay, J.P. and Jarvis, D.L. 2005. Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 567-575.
18. Li, J., Jiang, P., Li, Y., Wang, X., Cao, J., Wang, X. and Zeshan, B. 2009. HSP70 fused with GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus enhanced the immune responses and protective efficacy against virulent PRRSV challenge in pigs. Vaccine. 27: 825-832.
19. Meier, W.A., Galeota,J., Osorio, F.A., Husmann,R.J., Schnitzlein,W.M. and Zuckermann,F.A. 2003. Gradual development of the interferon- response of swine to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection or vaccination. Virology. 309: 18-31.
20. Meng, X.J., Paul, P.S., Morozov, I. and Halbur, P.G. 1996. A nested set of six or seven subgenomic mRNAs is formed in cells infected with different isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Gen. Virol. 77: 1265-1270.
21. Mengeling, W.L. 2005. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome quandary. Part II. Vaccines and vaccination strategy. J. Swine Health Prod. 13: 152-156.
22. Mengeling, W.L., Lager, K.M., Vorwald, A.C. and Clouser, D.F. 2003. Comparative safety and efficacy of attenuated single-strain and multi-strain vaccines for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Vet. Microbiol. 93: 25-38.
23. Nan, Y., Wu, C., Gu, G., Sun, W., Zhang, Y.J. and Zhou, E.M. 2017. Improved Vaccine against PRRSV: Current Progress and Future Perspective. Front Microbiol. 28 (8): 1-17.
24. Ostrowski, M., Galeota, J.A., Jar, A.M., Platt, K.B., Osorio, F.A. and Lopez, O.J. 2002. Identification of neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 ectodomain. J. Virol. 76: 4241-4250.
25. Rowland, R.R. 2007. The stealthy nature of PRRSV infection: the dangers posed by that ever-changing mystery swine disease. Vet. J. 174: 451.
26. Ruenphet, S. Punyadarsaniya, D., and Jantafong, T. 2017. Longitudinal study on antibodies detection against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in vaccinated fattening pigs by various Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay test kits. J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med. 2017. 12(2): 91-102.
27. Schommer, S.K. and Kleiboeker, S.B. 2006. Use of a PRRSV infectious clone to evaluate in vitro quasispecies. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 581: 435-438.
28. Shen, G., Jin, N., Ma, M., Jin, K., Zheng, M., Zhuang, T., Lu, H., Zhu, G., Jin, H., Jin, M., Huo, X., Qin, X., Yin, R., Li, C., Li, H., Li, Y., Han, Z. and Chen, Y. 2007. Immune responses of pigs inoculated with a recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing GP5/GP3 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine IL-18. Vaccine. 25: 4193-4202.
29. Sirisereewan, C., Nedumpun, T., Kesdangsakonwut, S., Woonwong, Y., Kedkovid, R., Arunorat, J.,Thanawongnuwech, R. and Suradhat, S. 2017. Positive immunomodulatory effects of heterologous DNA vaccine- modified live vaccine, prime-boost immunization, against the highly-pathogenic PRRSV infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 183: 7-15.
30. Snijder, E.J. and Meulenberg, J.J. 1998. The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 79: 961-979.
31. Spilman, M.S., Welbon, C., Nelson, E. and Dokland, T. 2009. Cryo-electron tomography of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: organization of the nucleocapsid. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 527-535.
32. Tian, K., Yu, X., Zhao, T., Feng, Y., Cao, Z., Wang, C., Hu, Y., Chen, X., Hu, D., Tian, X., Liu, D., Zhang, S., Deng, X., Ding, Y., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Xiao, H., Qiao, M., Wang, B., Hou, L., Wang, X., Yang, X., Kang, L., Sun, M., Jin, P., Wang, S., Kitamura, Y., Yan, J. and Gao, G.F. 2007.Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique hallmark. PLoS One. 2: e526.
33. Thanawongnuwech, R., Brown, G.B., Halbur, P.G., Roth, J.A., Royer, R.L. and Thacker, B.J. 2000. Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induced increase in susceptibility to Streptococcus suis infection. Vet. Pathol. 37: 143-152.
34. Van Reeth, K., Labarque,G., Nauwynck, H. and Pensaert, M. 1999. Differential production of proinflammatory cytokines in the pig lung during different respiratory virus infections: Correlations with pathogenicity. Res. Vet. Sci. 67: 47-52.
35. Vanhee, M., Delputte, P.L., Delrue, I., Geldhof, M.F. and Nauwynck, H.J. 2009. Development of an experimental inactivated PRRSV vaccine that induces virus neutralizing antibodies. Vet. Res. 40: 63.
36. Wang, X., Li, J., Jiang, P., Li, Y., Zeshan, B., Cao, J. and Wang, X. 2009. GM-CSF fused with GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus increased the immune responses and protective efficacy against virulent PRRSV challenge. Virus Res. 143: 24-32.
37. Wu, Q., Xu, F., Fang, L., Xu, J., Li, B., Jiang, Y., Chen, H. and Xiao, S. 2013. Enhanced immunogenicity induced by an alphavirus replicon-based pseudotyped baculovirus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Virol. Methods. 187: 251-258.
38. Zheng, H., Liu, C., Zhuang, J. and Yuan, S. 2010. Baculovirus expression of cloned porcine arterivirus generates infectious particles in both insect and mammalian cells. J. Biotechnol. 150: 251-258.
39. Ziebuhr, J., Snijder, E.J. and Gorbalenya, A.E. 2000. Virus-encoded proteinases and proteolytic processing in the Nidovirales. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 853-879.
40. Zimmerman, J., Sanderson, T., Eernisse, K.A., Hill, H.T. and Frey, M.L. 1992. Transmission of SIRS virus from convalescent animals to commingled penmates under experimental conditions. Am. Assoc. Swine Practitioners Newslett. 4(4): 25.