Comparative Systolic Blood Pressures in Healthy Cats Measured at Home and Different Times at a Veterinary Hospital using Doppler Ultrasonograph
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were to investigate the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 30 healthy cats between at home and at hospital using Doppler ultrasonography at a veterinary hospital in Thailand, and to validate the appropriate resting period prior to re-measuring blood pressure. All the cats were measured for SBP at home (SBP0), then immediately upon arrival at the hospital (SBP1), 30 min after arrival (SBP2), and 60 min after arrival (SBP3). Each of measurements was triplicated at one-minute interval. The results revealed that mean SBP0, SBP1, SBP2, and SBP3 of the cats were 124.31±9.74, 167.61±18.21, 153.07±17.28, and 136.52±9.11 mmHg (P<0.05), respectively. In addition, the differences of SBP1, SBP2, and SBP3 from SBP0 were 34.83%, 23.14%, and 9.82% (P<0.001), respectively. In summary, blood pressure measurement in healthy cats should not be conducted abruptly upon arrival at the hospital since the SBP was > 30% higher than blood pressure at home. Therefore, SBP measurement at the hospital should be performed at least one hour after arrival in silent and private places to minimize the white coat effect, a situational hypertension, which may result in a misdiagnosis of true hypertension.
Article Details
References
Acierno, M.J., S. Brown, A.E. Coleman, R.E. Jepson, M. Papich, R.L. Stepien, and H.M. Syme. 2020. ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 12: 30-49.
Belew, A.M., T. Barlett, and S.A. Brown. 1999. Evaluation of the white-coat effect in cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 13: 134-142.
Bijsmans, E.S., R.E. Jepson, Y.M. Chang, H.M. Syme, and J. Elliott. 2015. Changes in systolic blood pressure over time in healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 29: 855-861.
Binns, S.H., D.D. Sisson, D.A. Buoscio, and D.J. Schaeffer. 1995. Doppler ultrasonographic, oscillometric sphygmomanometric, and photoplethysmographic techniques for noninvasive blood pressure measurement in anesthetized cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 9: 405-414.
Bodey, A.R., A.R. Michell, K.C. Bovee, C. Buranakurl, and T. Garg. 1996. Comparison of direct and indirect (oscillometric) measurements of arterial blood pressure in conscious dogs. Res. Vet. Sci. 61: 17-21.
Bodey, A.R., and J. Sansom. 1998. Epidemiological study of blood pressure in domestic cats. J. Small Anim. Pract. 39: 567-573.
Bright, J.M., and M. Dentino. 2002. Indirect arterial blood pressure measurement in nonsedated Irish Wolfhounds: reference values for the breed. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 38: 521-526.
Brown, C.A., J.S. Munday, S. Mathur, and S.A. Brown. 2005. Hypertensive encephalopathy in cats with reduced renal function. Vet. Pathol. 42: 642-649.
Brown, S., C. Atkins, R. Bagley, A. Carr, L. Cowgill, M. Davidson, B. Egner, J. Elliott, R. Henik, M. Labato, M. Littman, D. Polzin, L. Ross, P. Snyder, R. Stepien, and M. American College of Veterinary Internal. 2007. Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 21: 542-558.
Brown, S.A., K. Langford, and S. Tarver. 1997. Effects of certain vasoactive agents on the long-term pattern of blood pressure, heart rate, and motor activity in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58: 647-652.
Chetboul, V., H.P. Lefebvre, C. Pinhas, B. Clerc, M. Boussouf, and J.L. Pouchelon. 2003. Spontaneous feline hypertension: clinical and echocardiographic abnormalities, and survival rate. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17: 89-95.
Glaus, T.M., J. Elliott, E. Herberich, T. Zimmering, and B. Albrecht. 2019. Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: Results of a prospective European clinical trial. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 33: 413-422.
Haberman, C.E., J.D. Morgan, C.W. Kang, and S.A. Brown. 2004. Evaluation of Doppler ultrasonic and oscillometric methods of indirect blood pressure measurement in cats. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 2: 279-289.
Klevans, L.R., G. Hirkaler, and J.L. Kovacs. 1979. Indirect blood pressure determination by Doppler technique in renal hypertensive cats. Am. J. Physiol. 237: 720-723.
Kobayashi, D.L., M.E. Peterson, T.K. Graves, M. Lesser, and C.E. Nichols. 1990. Hypertension in cats with chronic renal failure or hyperthyroidism. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 4: 58-62.
Lin, C.H., C.J. Yan, Y.H. Lien, and H.P. Huang. 2006. Systolic blood pressure of clinically normal and conscious cats determined by an indirect Doppler method in a clinical setting. J Vet. Med. Sci. 68: 827-832.
Maggio, F., T.C. DeFrancesco, C.E. Atkins, S. Pizzirani, B.C. Gilger, and M.G. Davidson. 2000. Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in cats: 69 cases (1985-1998). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217: 695-702.
Mancia, G., R. Fagard, K. Narkiewicz, J. Redon, A. Zanchetti, M. Boehm, T. Christiaens, R. Cifkova, G. De Backer, and A. Dominiczak. 2013. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Blood Press. 22: 193-278.
Mishina, M., T. Watanabe, K. Fujii, H. Maeda, Y. Wakao, and M. Takahashi. 1998. Non-invasive blood pressure measurements in cats: clinical significance of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60: 805-808.
Nelson, L., E. Reidesel, W.A. Ware, and W.F. Christensen. 2002. Echocardiographic and radiographic changes associated with systemic hypertension in cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 16: 418-425.
Payne, J.R., D.C. Brodbelt, and V. Luis Fuentes. 2017. Blood Pressure Measurements in 780 Apparently Healthy Cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 31: 15-21.
Pedersen, K.M., M.A. Butler, A.K. Ersboll, and H.D. Pedersen. 2002. Evaluation of an oscillometric blood pressure monitor for use in anesthetized cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 221: 646-650.
Pickering, T.G., W. Gerin, and A.R. Schwartz. 2002. What is the white-coat effect and how should it be measured? Blood Press. Monit. 7: 293-300.
Quimby, J.M., M.L. Smith, and K.F. Lunn. 2011. Evaluation of the effects of hospital visit stress on physiologic parameters in the cat. J. Feline Med. Surg. 13: 733-737.
Sansom, J., K. Rogers, and J.L. Wood. 2004. Blood pressure assessment in healthy cats and cats with hypertensive retinopathy. Am. J. Vet. Res. 65: 245-252.
Sparkes, A.H., S.M. Caney, M.C. King, and T.J. Gruffydd-Jones. 1999. Inter- and intraindividual variation in Doppler ultrasonic indirect blood pressure measurements in healthy cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 13: 314-318.
Syme, H.M., P.J. Barber, P.J. Markwell, and J. Elliott. 2002. Prevalence of systolic hypertension in cats with chronic renal failure at initial evaluation. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220: 1799-1804.
Wimpole, J.A., C.F. Adagra, M.F. Billson, D.N. Pillai, and D.J. Foster. 2010. Plasma free metanephrines in healthy cats, cats with non-adrenal disease and a cat with suspected phaeochromocytoma. J. Feline Med. Surg. 12: 435-440.